MOOC: Auditing Water Management

References

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Ref 1

Gleick, P.H., ed. (1993). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World´s Freshwater Resources. Oxford University Press. p. 13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth".

Ref 10

European Environment Agency (2015) Freshwater quality. SOER 2015 - The European Environment - state and outlook 2015. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/soer-2015/europe/freshwater#tab-based-on-indicators 

Ref 11

World Health Organisation (2019) Environmental health inequalities in Europe. Second assessment report. Pages 40-50. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/325176/9789289054157-eng.pdf?sequence=1

Ref 12

European Environment Agency (2003) Indicator Fact Sheet: (WQ01c) Water exploitation index. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-exploitation-index

Ref 13

The webpage of the European Water Association. Available at: http://www.ewa-online.eu/water-manifesto.html 

Ref 14

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (2012) No one left behind - Good practices to ensure equitable access to water and sanitation in the pan-European region. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/799No_one_left_behind_E.pdf

Ref 15

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2015) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Available at: http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

Ref 16

European Commission (2024) Water Scarcity and Droughts. Accessible at: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/water-scarcity-and-droughts_en

Ref 17

The webpage of the European Environmental Agency. Water scarcity nd droughts. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/water-resources/water-scarcity-and-drought, accessed 12.9.2017

Ref 18

European Environment Agency (2016). Use of freshwater resources. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-2/assessment-2

Ref 19

European Commission (2007) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council:  Addressing the challenge of water scarcity and droughts in the European Union, COM(2007) 414 final. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0414&from=EN

Ref 2

National Audit Office of Estonia, 2018

Ref 20

World Health Organization (2023) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Accessibe at: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/water--sanitation-and-hygiene

Ref 21

The study distinguishes between geographical zones as follows:

Euro 1: EU countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. Non-EU countries: Andorra, Iceland, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland.

Euro 2: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Euro 3: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan.

Euro 4: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Israel, Montenegro, Serbia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey.

Ref 22

Audit Office of the Republic of Cyprus (2016) Performance Audit of the Management of Water Resources in Cyprus (full report available in Greek, summary in English http://www.audit.gov.cy/audit/audit.nsf/all/BD5DA8816D376C1CC225842E00272F24?OpenDocument)

Ref 23

European Environment Agency (1996) Water resources - problems in southern Europe. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-056-1

Ref 24

European Environment Agency (2003) Indicator Fact Sheet (WQ03b) Saltwater intrusion. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/saltwater-intrusion/saltwater-intrusion

Ref 25

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2018) Nature-based Solutions for Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002614/261424e.pdf

Ref 26

Coch, N. K. (1995) Geohazards: Natural and Human, 182. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Ref 27

European Environment Agency (2013) Climate change and flood risk in European cities. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/climate-change-and-flood-risk

Ref 28

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2018) Nature-based Solutions for Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002614/261424e.pdf

Ref 29

European Environment Agency (2013) Climate change and flood risk in European cities. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/climate-change-and-flood-risk

Ref 3

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013. Island Press, Washington.

Ref 30

The website of the European Commission. Adaptation to climate change. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation_en

Ref 31

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention - http://www.unece.org/env/water

Ref 32

United Nations Watercourses Convention -  http://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org

Ref 33

The Convention on Wetlands, Ramsar Convention - http://www.ramsar.org

Ref 34

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification - https://www.unccd.int/

Ref 35

Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission, Helsinki Commission - http://www.helcom.fi

Ref 36
Ref 37

The Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme - http://twap-rivers.org

Ref 38

United Nations General Assembly (2009) Resolution A/63/124. The law of transboundary aquifers. Available at: https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/intldocs/UNGA_Resolution_on_Law_of_Transboundary_Aquifers.pdf

Ref 39

Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060

Ref 4

European Environment Agency (2019). Water use in Europe by economic sector. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/annual-and-seasonal-water-abstraction-7#tab-dashboard-02

Ref 40

Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0105

Ref 41

Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of the groundwater from pollution and deterioration - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32006L0118

Ref 42

Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban wastewater treatment, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31991L0271

Ref 43

Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31991L0676

Ref 44

Directive 2007/60/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 October 2007 on the assessment and management of flood risks - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32007L0060

Ref 45

The Estonian Environment Portal (2024). River basins and sub-basins of Estonia. Available at: https://keskkonnaportaal.ee/et/vesikonnad-ja-alamvesikonnad-eestis

Ref 46

Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32011L0092

Ref 47

Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32001L0042

Ref 48

INTOSAI Working Group on Environmental Auditing (2016) Market Based Instruments for Environmental Protection and Management. Available at: https://www.environmental-auditing.org/media/5370/wgea-instrument-protection-and-management_isbn-ok.pdf

Ref 49

International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (2019) GUID 9000: Cooperative Audits Between SAIs. Available at https://www.issai.org/pronouncements/guid-9000-cooperative-audits-between-sais/

Ref 5

The renewable freshwater resources in a territory are equivalent to the total yield. Non-renewable resources are characterised by the fact that they can only be used once during the period considered.

European Environment Agency (1997) Water resources problems in Southern Europe. Appendix A. Available at: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-056-1/page017.html

Ref 50

EUROSAI Working Group on Environmental Auditing (2011) Joint report on the Results of the Coordinated Parallel Audit on Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution. Available at: https://rp.gov.ua/IntCooperation/IntAudits/?id=778&lang=eng 

Ref 51

European Court of Auditors (2018) Floods Directive: progress in assessing risks, while planning and implementation need to improve. Available at: https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/Pages/DocItem.aspx?did=47211

Ref 52

INTOSAI Working Group on Environmental Auditing (2013) Auditing Water Issues: An Examination of SAIs' Experiences and the Methodological Tools They Have Successfully Used. Available at: https://environmental-auditing.org/media/2943/2013_wgea_water_view.pdf

Ref 6

The webpage of the International Desalination Association. Available at: https://idadesal.org/

Ref 7

United Nations General Assembly (2010) Resolution A/RES/64/292. The human right to water and sanitation. Available at https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/479/35/PDF/N0947935.pdf?OpenElement

Ref 8

United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (2002) General Comment No. 15. The right to water. Available at: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/486454

Ref 9

Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy - https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060

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