Livonian and its speech area

The Vidzeme Livonian language is represented by Salaca Livonian, the last records of which date to the second half of the 19th century. This historical form of Livonian has – especially in recent times – been extensively studied and described (the most recent overview is Karl Pajusalu and Eberhard Winkler’s “Salatsi liivi keele teejuht” (Salaca Livonian Language Guide), 2023).

The region historically inhabited by the Livonians (map: University of Latvia Livonian Institute)