
We discovered anthropogenic glaciation of supercooled liquid-water clouds and anthropogenic snowfall events downwind industrial aerosol hot spots (Toll et al., 2024 Science).
In the image on the left, the plume of snow is seen downwind of the cement factory when glaciated clouds have cleared away.
We discovered plume-shaped industrial aerosol perturbations on liquid-water clouds that we use as opportunistic experiments to better constrain anthropogenic climate forcing (Toll et al., 2019 Nature).
In the image on the right, bright greyish aerosol-polluted cloud lines are visible in the near-infrared composite satellite image. Polluted cloud tracks originate from the industrial and urban aerosol sources marked with bright white.


We discovered large-scale anthropogenic aerosol perturbations on liquid-water clouds (Trofimov et al., 2020 JGR Atmospheres).
In the image on the left, bright greyish large-scale aerosol-polluted cloud area is visible in the western part of the near-infrared composite satellite image.
https://ut.ee/en/news/erc-grant-helps-velle-toll-quantify-impact-anthropogenic-air-pollution-particles-climate University of Tartu Associate Professor in Climate Physics Velle Toll received the Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council (ERC) to quantify the extent to which air pollution particles cool the Earth’s climate. The results of Toll’s work would …
In the Estonian national science contest for university students, Jorma was awarded third prize in the category of natural sciences at the PhD level https://etag.ee/en/activities/contests/the-national-student-research-competition
https://ut.ee/en/news/kertu-liis-krigul-and-velle-toll-became-members-estonian-young-academy-sciences
We organised the Climate Compass 2025 conference in Tartu https://kliima.ut.ee/en/climate-conference-climate-compass-2025/
Associate Professor in Climate Physics Velle Toll revealed that in industrial hot spots, anthropogenic air pollution causes snowfall and reduces cloud cover. https://ut.ee/en/news/university-tartu-research-award-went-centre-climate-research-discovery-about-anthropogenic-air
Velle presented the contemporary scientific understanding of anthropogenic climate change in the Parliament of Estonia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGHUI7APtqM
Best Oral Presentation Award to Jorma Rahu for the presentation “Ground-based Precipitation Radar Signatures of Anthropogenic Snowfall Events Downwind of Industrial Air Pollution Hot Spots” 12th European Conference on RADar in Meteorology and Hydrology (ERAD 2024), September 9-13 https://www.erad2024.it/ https://poster.easyabstract.it/ERAD2024/abstract/15091/161/882 …
Our research was covered by phys.org https://phys.org/news/2024-11-industrial-factories-trigger-local-snowfall.html
Our research was covered by the Chemical and Engineering News https://cen.acs.org/environment/atmospheric-chemistry/Industrial-plumes-seed-snow/102/i36?sc=230901_cenrssfeed_eng_latestnewsrss_cen
Our research was covered by NAUTILUS https://nautil.us/when-pollution-brings-snow-1131658/?utm_source=tw-naut&utm_medium=organic-social