Physics Test

Distance, position and displacement. Velocity and acceleration, equations for motion. Time dependences of velocity and covered distance, corresponding graphs. Newton’s laws. Mass and density. Addition of forces. Net force. Linear momentum, conservation of momentum. Reactive motion. Newton’s Law of gravitation. Gravitational acceleration, weight of a body, normal force. Elasticity and the Hooke’s law. Frictional force, friction coefficient. Work and power. Kinetic and potential energy. Conversions of energy. Pressure. Pascal and Archimedes principles. SI units of all mentioned quantities. SI prefixes. Conversion of units. Rotation, orbital motion and vibration. Angle, period, frequency, angular and linear velocity, centripetal acceleration. Parameters of oscillation: deviation, amplitude, period, angular frequency and phase. Sound waves in air. Wavelength, velocity, period and frequency. Reflection, refraction, interference and diffraction of waves.

Elementary charge. Coulomb’s law. Electric field E, potential and voltage. Magnetic fields of permanent magnet and current-carrying wire. Ampere’s force. Magnetic induction B. Electric and magnetic field lines, superposition principle. Lorentz force. Electromagnetic induction. Electromotive force (EMF). Magnetic flux. Faraday’s law of induction. Lenz’s law. Self-induction in the coil. Capacitance and inductance. Energies of electric and magnetic fields. Oscillating circuit and antenna. Generation of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves and microwaves, infrared, visible and ultraviolet lights, x-rays and gamma rays. Wavelength, frequency and photon energy (in eV). Wave-particle duality of light. Diffraction, interference, reflexion and refraction of the light. Refractive index and the speed of light. Convex and concave mirrors and lenses, types of images. Optical power of the lens. Dispersion of light. Spectral analysis. Polarised light and its applications. Thermal radiation and luminescence. Ohm’s law. Resistance and resistivity. EMF and intrinsic resistance of the source. Electrical power. Conductivity of liquids, gases and semiconductors, p-n junction. Light emitting diodes and solar cells. Alternating current. Transformers and transmission lines. Electrical safety. SI units of electric and magnetic physical quantities. Conversion of units. 

Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales. Ideal gas. Equation of state for the ideal gas. Absolute temperature and the average kinetic energy of molecules. Work in thermodynamics and the heat transfer. Amount of heat and internal energy. First principle of thermodynamics. Isothermal, isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic processes. Operation principle of a heat engine, its efficiency. Second principle of thermodynamics. Reversible and non-reversible processes and the entropy. Energy transfer in nature and technology. Energetics and the energy resources. Gaseous, liquid and solid states of matter. Phase transitions and the latent heat. Molecular forces and the real gas. Water vapour in air. Absolute and relative humidity, saturated vapour and dew point. Weather phenomena. Surface tension and wetting.

Photoelectric effect. Models of the atom. Matter waves. Main ideas of quantum mechanics. Electron diffraction. Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Quantum numbers. Emission and absorption of the light by an atom. Nuclear forces, protons and neutrons. Mass defect. Nuclear binding energy. Equivalence of mass and energy. Nuclear reactions. Nuclear energetics and nuclear weapons. Radioactivity. Half-life. Radioactive dating. Types of ionising radiation. Radiation safety.