{"id":20,"date":"2024-04-04T06:43:15","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T03:43:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/why-subject-muslim-veil-very-sensitive\/"},"modified":"2024-06-21T09:51:50","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T06:51:50","slug":"why-subject-muslim-veil-very-sensitive","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/presentation-topic-7\/why-subject-muslim-veil-very-sensitive\/","title":{"rendered":"Why the subject of the Muslim veil is very sensitive?"},"content":{"rendered":"<nav style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400;\" class=\"has-background has-light-background-color has-regular-font-size is-responsive items-justified-left mb-1 mt-1 wp-block-navigation is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-c39e78a4 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex\" aria-label=\"The Muslim veil in Central and Eastern European perceptions: between Islamophobia and the politics of 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class=\"wp-block-navigation__container has-background has-light-background-color has-regular-font-size is-responsive items-justified-left mb-1 mt-1 wp-block-navigation has-regular-font-size\"><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">The Muslim veil in Central and Eastern European perceptions: between Islamophobia and the politics of controlling female demeanour<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/methodological-explanation-5\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Methodological explanation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li data-wp-context='{ \"submenuOpenedBy\": { \"click\": false, \"hover\": false, \"focus\": false }, \"type\": \"submenu\", \"modal\": null, \"previousFocus\": null }' data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-regular-font-size has-child open-on-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Presentation of the topic submenu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Presentation of the topic<\/span><\/button><span class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewbox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><ul data-wp-on--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/presentation-topic-7\/two-films\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Two films<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/presentation-topic-7\/why-subject-muslim-veil-very-sensitive\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Why the subject of the Muslim veil is very sensitive?<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/presentation-topic-7\/references-5\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-wp-context='{ \"submenuOpenedBy\": { \"click\": false, \"hover\": false, \"focus\": false }, \"type\": \"submenu\", \"modal\": null, \"previousFocus\": null }' data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-regular-font-size has-child open-on-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Exercises submenu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercises<\/span><\/button><span class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewbox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><ul data-wp-on--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/exercises-6\/sss\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercise 1: Are only my beliefs\/values the right one ones?<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/exercises-6\/exercise-2-control-female-body-authorities\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercise 2: Control of the female body by authorities<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module8\/exercises-6\/exercise-3-my-social-media-could-affect-political-islamophobia\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercise 3. My social media could affect political Islamophobia<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/nav>\n\n<p>\n\tFemininity is not just a biological category but is also linked to socio-cultural factors. It is a matter for the community to recognise this diversity of cultural alternatives and choices and to listen to Muslim women who create and define their own world. Muslim women do not always follow imposed European models; they wish to express their femininity in relation to their own culture. A symptom of the imposition and control of women\u2019s demeanour and attire is the concept of patriarchalism. Patriarchalism is a sociological concept denoting the dominance in family and social relations of the male head of the family. The most important assumptions of social patriarchalism are a) the social privileging of the adult male, who is the head of the family; b) the duty of the head of the family to provide material resources and security for his closest relatives; c) men\u2019s claim to decide on women\u2019s behaviour.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"><sup><sup><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[1]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tPatriarchal influences and attempts to control women\u2019s lifestyles are a global phenomenon that affects not only women\u2019s attire and demeanour, but also their participation in public life, politics and access to civil rights and political participation. According to the UN Women Analysis (2020) on Women\u2019s leadership and political participation, four countries have 50% or more female deputies parliament in lower houses: Rwanda with 61 %, Cuba with 53%, Bolivia with 53%, and the United Arab Emirates with 50%. Poland ranks in 60th place with women taking 28% of seats, Estonia with 27% is 63<sup>rd<\/sup>, the Czech Republic with 23% is 94<sup>th<\/sup> while Hungary with barely 13% ranks 153. In 27 countries women account for less than 10% of deputies in lower houses of parliaments, including four lower chambers with no women at all.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\" title=\"\"><sup><sup><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\"color:black\">[2]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\n\n<\/p><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\tShare your reflections with your classmates and the teacher after completing this activity.<br>\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Not only Muslim women wear the veil <\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tBefore the birth of Islam, the practice of the women\u2019s veil has existed in the Hellenistic-Byzantine period. In ancient Mesopotamia, the women\u2019s veil was a symbol of social status, respect, and marital status. Covering the head or hair was also used to distinguish free women from those who were slaves. The invasions by the Greek and Roman Empires of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa increased the cultural exchange between various people. The custom of the women\u2019s veil was then introduced into first Judaism and later to Christianity, and gradually it spread to the Arabs. The film below presents the history of the practice of covering hair (by women as well as men) in various faiths throughout the history of civilizations and religions.\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\tWatch the film:<a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=meZLctPgV88 \" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=meZLctPgV88%20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Bainbridge, Why Do So Many Religions Have Headwear?, Origin of Everything (PBS Digital Studios), 20.11.2018<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tWatch the video and take notes on wearing headwear in different religions. What have you found out? Note the new information.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tNext step in our journey\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tOne way to transfer the knowledge to the students about the female headscarf in different religions is through the usage of the metaphor of travelling the world together to explore the diversity of the female headscarf to finally focus on the Muslim veil. The experiences of six international peers (below) will introduce the context of the female veil to students.\n<\/p>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"531\" height=\"377\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-355\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_2.png\" title=\"hijab_2.png\" alt=\"hijab2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_2.png 531w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_2-300x213.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\n\t<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"1\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1748\" height=\"1240\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-356\" style=\"float: left\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah.png\" title=\"hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah.png\" alt=\"adilah\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah.png 1748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_adilah-1536x1090.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1748px) 100vw, 1748px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%\">\n<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:12.0pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Africa \u2013 Namibia<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:12.0pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDifferent terms are used for headscarves throughout South and West Africa: <i>gele<\/i> (Nigeria), <i>dhuku<\/i> (Zimbabwe), <i>duku<\/i> (Malawi). Women wear <i>duku<\/i> for special occasions such as funerals and weddings. Women from urban areas wear <i>duku<\/i> when visiting rural areas to demonstrate respect for custom and culture.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"><sup><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\n<div id=\"ftn1\">\n<ol>\n<li style=\"border:none;margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:11.25pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"background:white\"><span>\u00a0A. Ogan, <i>Lupita Nyong\u2019o, Who Designed Your Nigerian-Style Head Tie?<\/i>, National Public Radio, September 18, 2016, https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/goatsandsoda\/2016\/09\/18\/493965969\/lupita-nyongo-who-designed-your-nigerian-style-head-tie (accessed 1.12.2021).<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:12.0pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>South Asia \u2013 India <\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:12.0pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThe word <i>ghoonghat<\/i> means veil in Sanskrit.\u00a0 In conservative South Asian communities, physical space and gender are connected. In ancient and medieval India, women wore a thin head scarf to beautify their hairstyles and protect them from the wind. The <i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\",serif\">ghoonghat<\/span><\/span><\/i>was then worn for special occasions (weddings). With time, wearing a veil in public places became required for married woman.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"><sup><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> The practice of <i>ghoonghat<\/i> refers to the presence in the husband\u2019s family house. Today, it is the practice to wear some form of <i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span style=\",serif\">ghoonghat<\/span><\/span><\/i> due to tradition.\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\n<div id=\"ftn1\">\n<p style=\"border:none\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\"><sup><sup><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/a><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:black\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 I. <span style=\"background:white\">Mathur, <i>From Ghoonghatto De Beauvoir: Finding a Feminist Voice through Ethnography<\/i>, Journal of Big History, Volume III Number 1, January 2019, p. 171<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1748\" height=\"1240\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-357\" style=\"float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti.png\" title=\"hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti.png\" alt=\"priti\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti.png 1748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-priti-1536x1090.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1748px) 100vw, 1748px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1748\" height=\"1240\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-358\" style=\"float: left\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja.png\" title=\"hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja.png\" alt=\"alicja\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja.png 1748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_alicja-1536x1090.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1748px) 100vw, 1748px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Europe \u2013 Poland<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIn Poland and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, headscarves originated from court costumes in the medieval and renaissance periods. With time, they found their place in rural costumes. Under the influence of folk traditions, scarves were substituted by colourful, patterned headscarves. Classic headscarves were made of white linen or tulle. These headscarves were large, covering the head, back and shoulders. The remnant of this tradition is the wedding veil, which symbolizes purity and refers to the Christian religion as well as folklore.\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Latin America \u2013 Argentina<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWearing the veil as a Christian headscarf refers to religious principles. St Paul in his Letters to the Corinthians wrote: \u201cFor if a woman does not have her head veiled, she may as well have her hair cut off. But if it is shameful for a woman to have her hair cut off or her head shaved, then she should wear a veil\u201d.\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1748\" height=\"1240\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-359\" style=\"float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita.png\" title=\"hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita.png\" alt=\"rosita\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita.png 1748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_rosita-1536x1090.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1748px) 100vw, 1748px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1748\" height=\"1240\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-360\" style=\"float: left\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima.png\" title=\"hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima.png\" alt=\"fatima\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima.png 1748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_fatima-1536x1090.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1748px) 100vw, 1748px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>North America \u2013 USA<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tA Muslim woman who does not wear a hijab is seen as less religious. In many traditional communities she may face ostracism and disapproval. This is a symptom of a lack of acceptance and a hasty judgement of the other person through the perspective of attire. Religiosity does not depend on the degree of body covering in Islam. Wearing the veil is not an indicator of religiosity.\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>South-East Asia \u2013 Indonesia <\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tIn Indonesia, the term jilbab is used for the Muslim veil. According to Indonesian national and regional law, women\u2019s veil is entirely optional and not compulsory. Women can choose to wear the veil (jilbab or kerudung) during formal and religious occasions.\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1748\" height=\"1240\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-361\" style=\"float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila.png\" title=\"hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila.png\" alt=\"nabila\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila.png 1748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila-1024x726.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_chador_niqab_burqa_-_nabila-1536x1090.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1748px) 100vw, 1748px\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\tAnalysing the types of Muslim veil, it is necessary to discuss the factors that affect the wearing of the veil.<br>\u00a0\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>To what extent is the wearing of the Muslim veil motivated by social pressure (family, community, state)? <\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tPublic debates in Europe present the wearing of the Muslim veil as an oppression towards women. The top-down approach assumes that the Muslim patriarchy (male family members) force women to cover their bodies. Moreover, the media and public debate focus too much on the appearance of Muslim women in Europe, while other issues of greater important (such as access to education, health care, labour market) are not debated. As a result, in some countries women are expected and even forced to veil their bodies, while in others governments, institutions or employers have introduced bans on the wearing of hijabs, burqas or niqabs. In recent years, an increasing number of young women have voluntarily adopted the veil, and many Muslim women have actively opposed the introduction and enforcement of laws banning the wearing of veils. It is important to remember that there are many different, complex factors that influence why women put on a veil or adopt a particular style of veiling, and how much choice women have in this regard. Let\u2019s meet three young Muslim women, Ambar, Ilhan and Athena, who provide their personal and very different opinions on what it means to wear the hijab and the status of women in Islam. Watch the film:\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7B0kcat32kU \" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7B0kcat32kU%20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Kim Roden, Hijab &amp; Me, True Tube, 7.05.2019<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\n\t\t\u00a0\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tWrite down the opinions on the wearing of hijab and the status of women in Islam. What did you already know? What made you interested in these statements?\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<br><strong>Types of Muslim veil <\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tThere are 4 main terms for the Muslim veil: niqab, burqa, hijab (Arabic terms) and chador (Persian term).\n\t<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tHijab is a veil that covers the head and breast. Usually, the hijab consists of one or two headscarves. Hijab means \u201cveil\u201d or \u201ccovering\u201d in Arabic. This is the most popular and less restrictive way of covering the head with the face uncovered.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tChador is a full-length scarf that is fastened around the neck with a hand or pin. It covers the head and body but leaves the face completely visible. Chador means \u201cloose robe\u201d in Persian.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tNiqab covers the face while leaving the eyes uncovered. Niqab means \u201c(face) veil\u201d in Arabic.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tBurqa covers the head except for a small area around the eyes. The so-called full burqa or Afghan burqa is an outfit that covers the entire body, including the eyes, which are covered by a mesh that provides visibility. Burqa means \u201csomething that covers\u201d in Arabic.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"517\" height=\"247\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-362\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_all.png\" title=\"hijab_all.png\" alt=\"hijabs\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_all.png 517w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/463\/hijab_all-300x143.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 517px) 100vw, 517px\">\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<br><strong>Muslim veil vs Muslim clothing <\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tIn this part of the e-module, you will learn more about trends in Muslim fashion. Muslim women\u2019s clothing does not just refer to religiosity, tradition, or the social pressure. Muslim women like to follow fashion trends to look classy and fashionable. In recent years, the fashion industry has catered to Muslim consumers more than ever, as part of the strategy that designers are finally recognizing that Muslim women can be fashionable too. High-end hijabs and abayas made their debut on the Dolce &amp; Gabbana catwalk in 2016.\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\tWatch the film: <a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qPBd9SXaKAo \" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qPBd9SXaKAo%20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Muska Jahn, The Dolce &amp; Gabbana Hijab And Abaya Collection<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\n\t\tStylish Muslim women\u2019s clothes have become more popular and easily available with the help of internet influencers who create fashion trends. Fashion trends for specific Muslim celebrations, such as five trends for celebrating Eid 2021, are created on the Muslim internet. Trends created by blogger Ameera Hammouda include silk scarves as a hijab, long dresses, silk scarf as a bandana, classic oversized shirts, and monochromatic looks. In addition to influencer engagement, there are fashion shows organized all over the world. The most popular are Islamic Fashion Festival in Kuala Lumpur, Muslim Fashion Festival Indonesia, and Dubai Modest Fashion Week in Dubai.\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tThe Muslim fashion is accompanied by a rapidly growing sector of traditional Arabic cosmetics, which include hammam ritual, henna, khol as natural eyeliner, argan oils, or sugar scrubs with camel milk. In 2017 Forbes Middle East has compiled a ranking of the Top 10 Arab Beauty Influencers. Ranked first was Muslim woman Huda Kattan, owner of beauty brand Huda Beauty. Huda has a YouTube beauty channel with 4.14 million followers. For more on Huda, see this film \u201c<a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/Hudabeauty\/featured\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/Hudabeauty\/featured\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Huda Beauty<\/a>\u201d.\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tIn the next part, we will look for an answer to the question who is against the Muslim veil? We will also look at the conditioning processes concerning Islamophobia and Hijabophobia in Central and Eastern Europe.\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tApart from the positive opinions on the progression of Muslim fashion and lifestyle, negative views of the Muslim veil are also expressed in the public debate. Control of the female body has become a primary matter and a symbol of power for populist politicians. Regardless of culture, political views, or religion, women are expected to fulfil the cultural pattern of beauty, obedience, and modesty.\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\n\n<\/p><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\t\t\u00a0\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Could Islamophobia cause murder?<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tListen to the story (below) of Dr Suzanne Barakat. This is the story of the Muslims who were murdered by a neighbour in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on February 10, 2015.\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\tWatch the film: <a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XiEQmcZi8cM\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XiEQmcZi8cM\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Suzanne Barakat, Islamophobia killed my brother. Let\u2019s end the hate, TED, 5.12.2016<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\n\t\t\u00a0\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tFor years, populist parties in Europe (mostly Western European countries) have been pushing to implement restrictions on women\u2019s dress. Burqa bans have been implemented by some EU member states. In 2016, Bulgaria introduced a burqa ban with a fine of up to \u20ac750. This phenomenon of islamophobia is currently occurring in the Western world and is manifested through the activities of populist parties. Some examples of populist parties with an anti-Muslim narrative in Central and Eastern Europe are Law and Justice (Poland) and Fidesz (Hungary). Leaders of the Law and Justice Party and Fidesz present themselves as unique bearers of a true Europe, who must defend traditional culture, modernisation on their own terms, and sovereignty against the expansion of the decadent West. Islamophobia in Europe has become a hot topic in media around the world. Al Jazeera prepared material about Islamophobic statements of populist politicians from Poland \u201cIslamophobia in Europe: Why won\u2019t Poland take in any Muslims\u201d?\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\tWatch the film:<a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=asGHu2NzvbI \" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=asGHu2NzvbI%20\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Islamophobia in Europe: Why won\u2019t Poland take in any Muslims?<\/a>, Al Jazeera English, 8.11.2019.\n\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Conclusions <\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tThis e-module aims at providing the teacher with basic knowledge of the Muslim veil and its positioning in the public debate within the CEE countries. An important part of including students in the public debate over the restriction and impact on women\u2019s attire in the world is the process of learning and exploring the issues of the Muslim veil. An important step is to expand knowledge of other regions of the world and other cultures, religions, traditions. At this stage, it is primarily about noticing the similarities and differences of the female veil around the world. The second stage includes learning about values, norms, traditions, and practices that are characteristic for a particular culture, a country and its inhabitants, or a particular social group. During this stage, students acquire intercultural competence, which comes down to achieving the ability to interact with representatives of a different culture in accordance with their own values.\n\t<\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\">\n<div id=\"ftn1\">\n<p style=\"border:none\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\"><sup><sup><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/a>W. Kruczy\u0144ski, <i>Patriarchat jako \u017ar\u00f3d\u0142o przemocy<\/i>, Instytut Psychologii Zdrowia http:\/\/www.psychologia.edu.pl\/czytelnia\/59-niebieska-linia\/767-patriarchat-jako-zrodlo-przemocy.html (1.12.2021).\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"ftn2\">\n<p style=\"border:none\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\" title=\"\"><sup><sup><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><span>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/a>UN Women, <i>Facts and figures: Women\u2019s leadership and political participation<\/i>, 15 January 2021, https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/what-we-do\/leadership-and-political-participation\/facts-and-figures (accessed 1.12.2021).\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Femininity is not just a biological category but is also linked to socio-cultural factors. It is a matter for the community to recognise this diversity of cultural alternatives and choices and to listen to Muslim women who create and define &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":0,"parent":16,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/240"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2339,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20\/revisions\/2339"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}