{"id":178,"date":"2024-04-04T06:43:32","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T03:43:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/part-ii\/"},"modified":"2024-06-18T16:34:30","modified_gmt":"2024-06-18T13:34:30","slug":"part-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/part-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Making moral decisions"},"content":{"rendered":"<nav style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400;\" class=\"has-background has-light-background-color has-regular-font-size is-responsive items-justified-left mb-1 mt-1 wp-block-navigation is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-c39e78a4 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex\" aria-label=\"Quick judgement vs reasoning. How does morality work?\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-context='{\"overlayOpenedBy\":{\"click\":false,\"hover\":false,\"focus\":false},\"type\":\"overlay\",\"roleAttribute\":\"\",\"ariaLabel\":\"Menu\"}'><button aria-haspopup=\"dialog\" aria-label=\"Open menu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.openMenuOnClick\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M5 5v1.5h14V5H5z\"><\/path><path d=\"M5 12.8h14v-1.5H5v1.5z\"><\/path><path d=\"M5 19h14v-1.5H5V19z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container\" id=\"modal-1\" data-wp-class--has-modal-open=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-class--is-menu-open=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-close\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog\" data-wp-bind--aria-modal=\"state.ariaModal\" data-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.ariaLabel\" data-wp-bind--role=\"state.roleAttribute\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<button aria-label=\"Close menu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.closeMenuOnClick\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"m13.06 12 6.47-6.47-1.06-1.06L12 10.94 5.53 4.47 4.47 5.53 10.94 12l-6.47 6.47 1.06 1.06L12 13.06l6.47 6.47 1.06-1.06L13.06 12Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.focusFirstElement\" id=\"modal-1-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400;\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__container has-background has-light-background-color has-regular-font-size is-responsive items-justified-left mb-1 mt-1 wp-block-navigation has-regular-font-size\"><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Quick judgement vs reasoning. How does morality work?<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/methodological-explanation\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Methodological explanation<\/span><\/a><\/li><li data-wp-context='{ \"submenuOpenedBy\": { \"click\": false, \"hover\": false, \"focus\": false }, \"type\": \"submenu\", \"modal\": null, \"previousFocus\": null }' data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-regular-font-size has-child open-on-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Presentation of the topic submenu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Presentation of the topic<\/span><\/button><span class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewbox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><ul data-wp-on--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/part-i\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Movie: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/part-ii\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Making moral decisions<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/references\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">References<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-wp-context='{ \"submenuOpenedBy\": { \"click\": false, \"hover\": false, \"focus\": false }, \"type\": \"submenu\", \"modal\": null, \"previousFocus\": null }' data-wp-interactive=\"core\/navigation\" data-wp-on--focusout=\"actions.handleMenuFocusout\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleMenuKeydown\" data-wp-watch=\"callbacks.initMenu\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item has-regular-font-size has-child open-on-click wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><button data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isMenuOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggleMenuOnClick\" aria-label=\"Exercises submenu\" class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content wp-block-navigation-submenu__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercises<\/span><\/button><span class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-icon\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" viewbox=\"0 0 12 12\" fill=\"none\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M1.50002 4L6.00002 8L10.5 4\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><ul data-wp-on--focus=\"actions.openMenuOnFocus\" class=\"wp-block-navigation__submenu-container wp-block-navigation-submenu\"><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/exercises\/exercise-i\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercise 1: Are there universal norms?<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/exercises\/exercise-ii\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercise 2: Why people differ on moral rules?<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"has-regular-font-size wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__content\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/e-modules\/e-module1\/presentation-topic\/exercises\/exercise-3\/\"><span class=\"wp-block-navigation-item__label\">Exercise 3: Can morality be measured?<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/nav>\n\n<p>\n\tThis module offers a new perspective on morality. Instead of judging what is right, and what is wrong, it provides insights into how people make moral decisions. In other words, it is not about evaluating moral choices, but rather taking insights into why and basing on which criteria they are made. This way the module can become a backbone for any other sensitive or controversial topic.\n<\/p>\n<h3>\n\tDefining morality<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Morality<\/strong> is a set of rules that define what is right and wrong. The<strong> <\/strong>rules consist of norms and values. Social <strong>norms <\/strong>are about how one should behave and act \u2013 they are collective representations of acceptable way of behavior or conduct. <strong>Values<\/strong> on the other hand represent what is important. In other words, the values say what is important, while norms \u2013 how one shall achieve it. Together they make a rule. Some rules can be called imperatives (e.g. thou shalt not kill, you should believe in science), some other are facultative (e.g. you can smoke here, you can be patient), while other rules are so hard to achieve that they are called recommendations (e.g. it would be beneficial for the society if everyone helped each other, it would be great if people loved each other).\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tMoral norms build one of many normative systems such as law or custom that differ from each other. They address many sensitive and fundamental issues such as biological existence, dignity, independence, privacy, trust, or justice. Some of these norms are more of a recommendation \u2013 i.e., moral virtues that speak for moral excellence. Often moral norms are claimed to be the most important set of norms.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\n\n<\/p><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tThere are two types of<strong> relativization<\/strong> \u2013 <strong>personal<\/strong> (certain norm does or does not apply to some people \u2013 e.g. you can buy alcohol, but only if you are adult), and <strong>situational <\/strong>(certain norm does not apply under some circumstances \u2013 e.g. students can generally talk with each other, but not during the class). Sometimes both types of relativization work at the same time \u2013 e.g. thou shalt not kill, unless you are a soldier (personal relativization) at war (situational relativization; see <a data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/book\/exercise-i\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/book\/exercise-i\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Exercise 1<\/a>).\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\n\n<\/p><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3>\n\t\u00a0<br>\n<\/h3>\n<h3>\n\tHow does human learn morality?<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p>\n\tFor many years it has been believed that humans are born without innate morality and develop it in their life. This was the core idea behind the classical cognitive-developmental model of morality by an American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927\u20131987). According to thaty model humans learn moral values step by step in the process of socialization. Thus, morality is perceived as an activity that is primarily cognitive \u2013 i.e. people reason first and then make a moral choice. Kohlberg developed a six stages model, in which an individual learns how to make more advanced moral choices with age.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tThe first two stages are called preconventional \u2013 during which the child learns first how to obtain pleasure and avoid punishment (obedience and punishment orientation \u2013 stage 1), and later \u2013 how to make a good deal (self-interest orientation \u2013 stage 2). The second level is the conventional stage \u2013 when the morally correct acts are those, which are firstly approved by significant others (interpersonal accord and conformity \u2013 stage 3) and then by wider society (authority and social-order maintaining \u2013 stage 4). In the final level \u2013 postconventional \u2013 the individual respects the law and rules as intrinsic features (social contract orientation \u2013 stage 5), while in the last stage (universal ethical principles \u2013 6) s\/he is driven by abstract ethical principles. Interestingly, individuals only seldom reach the last stage; most often they are ranked between the 3rd and 5th stage. This approach has been challenged in many different ways in different political, social and cultural context. He was criticized for making his study only on boys, and not including girls. Moreover, his theory has been proved not to be culturally universal.\n<\/p>\n<h3>\n\tThe five (or six) moral foundations<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p>\n\tThis model has been challenged in many ways in different political, social, and cultural context. Kohlberg was criticized for making his study only on boys, and not including girls. Social intuitionists have questioned the basic assumption behind Kohlberg\u2019s theory \u2013 i.e. that morality comes from reasoning. For social intuitionists moral positions are driven by intuition rather than logic. One of them is Jonathan Haidt (1963), one of the most prominent contemporary social psychologists. According to him moral judgment is caused by quick moral intuitions rather than reasoning. What is more, moral reasoning serves as a post-hoc rationalization of judgements that had been already formed. This is what Haidt calls \u2018moral dumbfounding\u2019 \u2013 having a strong moral reaction despite undermined rational explanation (see <a data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/book\/exercise-ii\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/book\/exercise-ii\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Exercise 2<\/a>).\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tThese moral judgements are primarily intuitive, rationalized post-hoc, and sometimes (but seldom) changed through a discussion. While everyone has his own set of moral norms, they are to a great extend shared with other people. This is the collective morality \u2013 intuitive ethics that all people share. According to Haidt, Joseph and Graham human morality is framed into six moral foundations. These are:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tcare\/harm,\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tfairness\/cheating,\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tloyalty\/betrayal,\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tauthority\/subversion,\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tsanctity\/degradation;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tlater a sixth system was added \u2013 liberty\/oppression.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\tThey claim that all people have these moral foundations, yet they are not equally used across different cultures and political orientations. The Moral Foundation Theory has been used to explain differences between three main political orientations in the US, namely: liberals, libertarians and conservatives. Moreover, it seems to provide explanation of issues that are politically charged. They often are built on different moral values, which can be interpreted differently. For example one political party can speak in favour of accepting refugees and refer to care + fairness to those who are vulnerable (i.e. the refugees), while another political party can speak against accepting refuges and build its narrative around care + loyalty (we protect ourselves against the newcomers).\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tThe basic six moral foundations can be described in the following positive terms:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tCare is about protecting others (i.e. not doing harm),\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tFairness is about justice, honesty and reciprocity (i.e. not cheating)\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tLoyalty is about carrying for your own group \u2013 such as family, religious, or national group (i.e. not betraying them),\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tAuthority is about hierarchy and obeying rules and norms grounded in tradition (i.e. not subverting to them)\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tSanctity is about disgust (often religiously motivated) for things deemed as not clean, or impure (i.e. protection from degradation).\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tLiberty is about equality and solidarity and being against any dominance (i.e. against oppression)\n<p><strong>Match the moral foundations cards (positive + negative value)<\/strong>\n\t<\/p><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\n\n<\/p><div class=\"h5p-content\" data-content-id=\"35\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Moral Foundations Questionnaire <\/strong>(by J. Haidt et al.) is a tool that enables checking one\u2019s moral foundations (see <a data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/book\/exercise-3\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/book\/exercise-3\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Exercise 3<\/a>). At the same time, moral foundations can predict one\u2019s political orientation. In case of the US the liberals use mainly two foundations \u2013 care and fairness, while conservatives use all six (with a slight dominance of the other three ones: loyalty, authority and sanctity), and libertarians are most sensitive to the liberty foundation (the one added later). The political discourse is built around these foundations with conservatives having more moral foundations to choose from.\n<\/p>\n<h3>\n\tConclusion<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p>\n\tThis e-material is intended to support the teacher with a framework to discuss any controversial or sensitive topic. It provides the students with a better understanding of how their moral judgements work and in what core values they are grounded. It also offers a safe space to discuss controversial issues, which are not that much sensitive to the students (e.g. eating a dog instead of discussing abortion). They also sensitize students to critically approach political and social narratives which are built on moral values.\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This module offers a new perspective on morality. Instead of judging what is right, and what is wrong, it provides insights into how people make moral decisions. In other words, it is not about evaluating moral choices, but rather taking &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":240,"featured_media":0,"parent":174,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-178","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/240"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=178"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1873,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/178\/revisions\/1873"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/sensiclass\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}