{"id":9,"date":"2024-04-04T00:11:59","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T21:11:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/t-test\/"},"modified":"2025-09-18T14:43:54","modified_gmt":"2025-09-18T11:43:54","slug":"t-test","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/t-test\/","title":{"rendered":"T-test"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Kadri Rootalu<br>\n<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>2014<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><strong>T-test<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">T-testi kasutatakse juhul, kui on vaja v\u00f5rrelda kahe arvulise tunnuse keskmisi v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi v\u00f5i kahe grupi (nt meeste ja naiste) \u00fche arvulise tunnuse keskmisi v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi. T-test p\u00f5hineb t-statistikul, mille v\u00e4\u00e4rtus arvutatakse v\u00e4lja, kasutades gruppide keskmisi ja standardh\u00e4lbeid ning v\u00f5ttes arvesse ka vastajate arvu grupis (vt <a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"valemit\" data-content='&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-206\" title=\"valem.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/valem-1.png\" alt=\"valem.png\" \/&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"MediumGrid21\"&gt;m \u2013 keskmine (gruppidel 1 ja 2)&lt;br \/&gt;\ns \u2013 standardh\u00e4lve (\u00fcldkogumil)&lt;br \/&gt;\nn \u2013 vastanute arv (gruppides 1 ja 2)'>valemit<\/a>). T-statistiku v\u00e4\u00e4rtused v\u00f5ivad olla nii positiivsed kui ka negatiivsed. T-statistiku absoluutv\u00e4\u00e4rtus on suur, kui gruppide keskmiste erinevus on suur.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">T-statistiku v\u00e4\u00e4rtused on <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Student%27s_t-distribution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">t-jaotusega<\/a>. Suure vastajate arvu puhul t\u00e4hendab see, et kahe grupi keskmiste erinevust n\u00e4itavad juba t-statistiku v\u00e4\u00e4rtused, mis on absoluutv\u00e4\u00e4rtuselt suuremad kui 2 v\u00f5i 3. V\u00e4\u00e4rtused 0 l\u00e4hedal viitavad sellele, et gruppide keskmised on olnud v\u00e4ga sarnased.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Probleemid<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>T-testi saab kasutada arvuliste tunnuste puhul, mis on ligil\u00e4hedaselt normaaljaotusega.<\/li>\n<li>T-testi ei ole hea kasutada rohkem kui kahe grupi v\u00f5rdlemiseks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">T-testi on v\u00f5imalik teha k\u00f5igi levinumate statistikaprogrammidega (SPSS, STATA, EXCEL jms). Internetist v\u00f5ib leida ka kalkulaatoreid, mille abiga saab t-statistiku v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse v\u00e4lja arvutada olemasolevate keskmiste, standardh\u00e4lvete ja vastajate arvude p\u00f5hjal. Vt n\u00e4iteks <a href=\"http:\/\/www.graphpad.com\/quickcalcs\/ttest1.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">siit<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/studentsttest.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">siit <\/a>ja <a href=\"http:\/\/stattrek.com\/online-calculator\/t-distribution.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">siit<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\"><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4298cd-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4298cd-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4298cd-collapse\">N\u00e4ide paketiga SPSS<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4298cd-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4298cd-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Avage andmestik ess12eesti.sav<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">T-teste on v\u00f5imalik teha mitme erineva \u00fclesandep\u00fcstituse puhul. SPSSi anal\u00fc\u00fcsimen\u00fc\u00fcst leiab T-testid alajaotusest \u201eCompare Means\u201c ehk keskmiste v\u00f5rdlus (joonis 1). Enim on kasutusel T-test kahe s\u00f5ltumatu grupi v\u00f5rdlemiseks (nt meeste ja naiste, kahe riigi vms keskmiste v\u00f5rdlus) (joonis 2).<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\"><em>Analyze \u2013 Compare Means \u2013 Independent-Samples T Test<\/em><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_201\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-201\" style=\"width: 766px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-201\" title=\"Joonis 1. T-testi tellimise men\u00fc\u00fc\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest.png\" alt=\"Joonis 1. T-testi tellimise men\u00fc\u00fc\" width=\"766\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest.png 766w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest-300x119.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 766px) 100vw, 766px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-201\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 1. T-testi tellimise men\u00fc\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_202\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-202\" style=\"width: 581px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-202\" title=\"Joonis 2. T-testi tellimise aken kahe s\u00f5ltumatu grupi n\u00e4itel\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest2.png\" alt=\"Joonis 2. T-testi tellimise aken kahe s\u00f5ltumatu grupi n\u00e4itel\" width=\"581\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest2.png 581w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest2-300x190.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 581px) 100vw, 581px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-202\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 2. T-testi tellimise aken kahe s\u00f5ltumatu grupi n\u00e4itel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>N\u00e4iteks soovime teada, kas mehed ja naised hindavad oma kohta \u00fchiskonnas keskmiselt erinevalt. Selleks teeme tellimisaknas (joonis 2) j\u00e4rgmised valikud.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eTest Variable(s)\u201c: s\u00f5ltuv tunnus (see, mille keskmist tahame saada), neid v\u00f5ib olla ka mitu. See tunnus peab olema kindlasti arvuline. Praeguses n\u00e4ites on see \u00a0\u201eKoht \u00fchiskonnas\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eGrouping Variable\u201c: grupeeriv tunnus. Sellel tunnusel peaksid olema eristatavad kaks gruppi. Neid gruppe v\u00f5ib tunnuse kategooriate hulgas olla ka rohkem, kuid v\u00f5rrelda saab korraga vaid kahte. Praeguses n\u00e4ites valime sinna tunnuse \u201eSugu\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eDefine Groups\u201c: Selles alajaotuses tuleb m\u00e4\u00e4rata kahe v\u00f5rreldava grupi koodid andmestikus (joonis 3). Soo tunnuse puhul on koodideks\u00a0 1 ja 2 (need tuleb tunnuse kirjeldusest enne j\u00e4rele vaadata, nt kl\u00f5psates hiire parema klahviga tunnuse nimel).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-203\" style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-203\" title=\"Joonis 3. 1 ja 2 lahtrites m\u00e4\u00e4ravad selles andmestikus meeste ja naiste koodi\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest3.png\" alt=\"Joonis 3. 1 ja 2 lahtrites m\u00e4\u00e4ravad selles andmestikus meeste ja naiste koodi\" width=\"270\" height=\"244\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 3. 1 ja 2 lahtrites m\u00e4\u00e4ravad selles andmestikus meeste ja naiste koodi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">V\u00e4ljund tulemustega esitatakse kahe tabelina. Esimeses neist (tabel 1) antakse kirjeldav statistika s\u00f5ltuva tunnuse kohta gruppides.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Sealt v\u00f5ib n\u00e4ha, et meeste hinnang enda kohale \u00fchiskonnas on keskmiselt 5,35 punkti ning naistel 5,26 punkti. Samuti esitatakse vastajate arv (\u201eN\u201c), standardh\u00e4lve (\u201eStd. Deviation\u201c) ja keskmise standardviga (\u201eStd. Error Mean\u201c) [vajadusel vaata t\u00e4psemalt kirjeldava statistika peat\u00fckist].<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Tabel 1. Kirjeldav statistika gruppide kohta<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"135\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-204\" title=\"ttest4.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest4.png\" alt=\"ttest4.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest4.png 625w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest4-300x65.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\"><\/p>\n<p>Teises tabelis (tabel 2) antakse t-statistiku ja gruppide v\u00f5rdlusega seonduv.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Esimene osa tabelist \u201eLevene\u2019s Test \u2026\u201c aitab meil otsustada, kumba tabeli rida kasutada. Kui selle testi tulemusena selgub, et tunnuse hajuvused gruppides ei ole erinevad (nagu praeguses n\u00e4ites), siis tuleks kasutada esimest tabeli rida. Kui erinevus on statistiliselt oluline (Sig teises veerus), siis tuleks kasutada tabeli teist rida.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">T-statistiku v\u00e4\u00e4rtuseks meie n\u00e4ites on 1,244, vabadusastmete arv on 2349 ning olulisuse t\u00f5en\u00e4osus 0,214. Seega ei saa v\u00e4ita, et meeste ja naiste hinnangud enda kohale \u00fchiskonnas keskmiselt \u00fcksteisest erineksid.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Tabelis 2 esitatakse ka keskmiste erinevus (\u201eMean Difference\u201c), selle standardviga ja usalduspiirid.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Tabel 2. T-statistik ja sellega seonduvad n\u00e4itajad<\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"871\" height=\"175\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-205\" title=\"ttest5.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest5.png\" alt=\"ttest5.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest5.png 871w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest5-300x60.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/ttest5-768x154.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 871px) 100vw, 871px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\"><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\"><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4298da-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4298da-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4298da-collapse\">Soovitatav kirjandus<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4298da-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4298da-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"MediumGrid21\">Tooding, L.-M. (2007). <em>Andmete anal\u00fc\u00fcs ja t\u00f5lgendamine sotsiaalteadustes<\/em>. Tartu: Tartu \u00dclikooli Kirjastus. <\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><strong>M\u00e4rks\u00f5nad<\/strong>: t-statistik, t-test, keskmiste v\u00f5rdlus<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kadri Rootalu 2014 T-test T-testi kasutatakse juhul, kui on vaja v\u00f5rrelda kahe arvulise tunnuse keskmisi v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi v\u00f5i kahe grupi (nt meeste ja naiste) \u00fche arvulise tunnuse keskmisi v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi. T-test p\u00f5hineb t-statistikul, mille v\u00e4\u00e4rtus arvutatakse v\u00e4lja, kasutades gruppide keskmisi ja standardh\u00e4lbeid &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2162,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions\/2162"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}