{"id":63,"date":"2024-04-04T00:12:05","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T21:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/sissjuhatus-r-i-ja-rstudiosse\/"},"modified":"2025-09-17T18:01:06","modified_gmt":"2025-09-17T15:01:06","slug":"sissjuhatus-r-i-ja-rstudiosse","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/sissjuhatus-r-i-ja-rstudiosse\/","title":{"rendered":"Sissjuhatus R-i ja RStudiosse"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"Author\" style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Martin Kolnes<br>2020<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Author\">Selle peat\u00fcki eesm\u00e4rk on tutvustada algteadmisi R-i kasutamise kohta. Teemaplokkide l\u00f5pus on \u00fclesanded, mis pakuvad v\u00f5imaluse iseseisvalt R-i katsetada. \u00dclesannete tegemiseks installeerige R ja RStudio endale arvutisse (vaadake osa \u201eR-i ja RStudio paigaldamine\u201d). Lahendused \u00fclesannetele leiate peat\u00fcki l\u00f5pus<span style=\"color: #215990;\">t.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed27-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed27-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed27-collapse\">R-i ja RStudio paigaldamine<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed27-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed27-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"Author\">R on vabavaraline programmeerimiskeel, mis pakub suurep\u00e4raseid v\u00f5imalusi andmete t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks, jooniste tegemiseks ja erinevate statistiliste anal\u00fc\u00fcside teostamiseks. R-i kasutamise teeb mugavamaks kasutajaliides nimega RStudio. Nende programmide paigaldamiseks enda arvutisse kasutage j\u00e4rgnevaid linke:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Compact\">programmeerimiskeel R \u2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/ftp.eenet.ee\/pub\/cran\">http:\/\/ftp.eenet.ee\/pub\/cran<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">RStudio \u2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/products\/rstudio\/download\">http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/products\/rstudio\/download<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">abiks \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d-u_7vdag-0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d-u_7vdag-0<\/a>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed38-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed38-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed38-collapse\">RStudio kasutamine<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed38-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed38-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Tutvume esmalt RStudio keskkonnaga (joonis 1). P\u00e4rast RStudio esmakordset k\u00e4ivitamist on avatud kolm paneeli: Konsool (<i>Console<\/i>), T\u00f6\u00f6keskkond (<i>Environment<\/i>), Failid (<i>Files<\/i>). Konsooli kaudu saame \u201esuhelda\u201c R-iga ehk saata koodiridu R-ile arvutamiseks. T\u00f6\u00f6keskkond n\u00e4itab hetkel aktiivseid andmestikke, \u00fcleslaetud lisamooduleid ja faile. Paneeli \u201e<i>Files<\/i>\u201c kaudu saame otsida \u00fcles arvutis olevaid materjale (nt andme- ja koodifailid). L\u00e4hemalt tuleb nendest paneelidest juttu allpool.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Kui teil on eelnevalt salvestatud R-i andmefailid v\u00f5i RStudio t\u00f6\u00f6keskkond, siis saate need avada vastavalt kas paremal allosas paikneva paneeli \u201e<i>Files<\/i>\u201c kaudu v\u00f5i paremal \u00fclaosas oleva paneeli \u201e<i>Environment<\/i>\u201c kaudu. K\u00f5ige lihtsam on RStudiosse importida andmestikke, mis on salvestatud R-i enda formaadis (.Rdata formaat). See formaat viitab sellele, et tegu on salvestatud RStudio t\u00f6\u00f6keskkonnaga. Teistsuguses formaadis olevaid andmeid saab RStudiosse importida kahel viisil. Esimene ja lihtsam viis on kasutada paneelil T\u00f6\u00f6keskkond (<i>Environment<\/i>) olevat men\u00fc\u00fcriba <i>Import Dataset<\/i>. Teine viis on kasutada andmete importimiseks loodud funktsioone (nt <i>read.csv()<\/i>, <i>read.xslx(), read.spss() jne<\/i>). Seejuures on oluline teada, et osad funktsioonid n\u00f5uavad enne kasutamist R-i pakettide installeerimist. N\u00e4iteks funktsioonide <i>read.xslx(), read.spss() <\/i>kasutamiseks peab installeerima vastavalt paketi \u201exlsx\u201c ja paketi \u201eforeign\u201c.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Nendele funktsioonidele antakse esimeseks argumendiks andmete asukoht arvutis. N\u00e4iteks saame kasutada csv-formaadis andmete laadimiseks funktsiooni <i>read.csv()<\/i> koos vastava andmestiku asukohaga. Seejuures tuleb sisestada t\u00e4pne andmestiku asukoht (nt juhul kui andmetega fail on kaustas asukohaga \u201cC:\/Users\/Kasutaja\/andmed\/\u201d, siis tuleks kasutada seda funktsiooni j\u00e4rgnevalt read.csv(file=\u201cC:\/Users\/Kasutaja\/andmed\/faili_nimi.csv\u201d)). Andmestiku asukoha kirjutamisel pange t\u00e4hele, et asukoha nimes olevad kaldkriipsud oleksid kaldu paremale, mitte vasakule.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_614\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-614\" style=\"width: 726px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-614\" title=\"Joonis 1. RStudio \u00fclevaade\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.47.56.png\" alt=\"Joonis 1. RStudio \u00fclevaade\" width=\"726\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.47.56.png 726w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.47.56-300x152.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-614\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 1. RStudio \u00fclevaade<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"Compact\">Rstudio kasutamise \u00fcks eeliseid on see, et me saame kasutada andmeanal\u00fc\u00fcsi kirjutamiseks teksti- ehk koodifaili (<i>R Script<\/i>). Arvutis olevaid R-i koodifaile saame avada n\u00e4iteks konsooli \u00fcleval oleva nupu abil, aga samuti saab seda teha paneeli \u201eFiles\u201c kaudu (vt joonis 1). Uue koodifaili saame avada valides RStudio men\u00fc\u00fcribalt <i>File<\/i> -&gt; <i>New File<\/i> -&gt; <i>R Script<\/i>. Koodifaili saate h\u00f5lpsalt salvestada k\u00e4sud, mida olete kasutanud andmete t\u00f6\u00f6tlemiseks ja anal\u00fc\u00fcsimiseks. Uue koodfaili loomise j\u00e4rel peaks meil RStudios olema lahti neli akent (joonis 2).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_615\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-615\" style=\"width: 723px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-615\" title=\"Joonis 2. RStudio erinevad aknad\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.49.37.png\" alt=\"Joonis 2. RStudio erinevad aknad\" width=\"723\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.49.37.png 723w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.49.37-300x158.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-615\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 2. RStudio erinevad aknad<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Vaatame j\u00e4rjest RStudio erinevate akende funktsioonid \u00fcle.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><b>\u00dcleval vasakul<\/b> olevasse aknasse kirjutame koodi, mille abil \u00fctleme R-ile, mida andmetega teha. Kuidas k\u00e4ib koodi saatmine R-ile? Kui soovime saata ainult \u00fchte rida korraga, siis tuleb viia kursor sellele koodireale ja seej\u00e4rel vajutada koodiredaktori paneeli paremal \u00fclaosas paiknevat nuppu nimega <i>Run<\/i>. Nupu asemel v\u00f5ib kasutada ka klahvikombinatsiooni <i>Ctrl + Enter<\/i> (Maci arvutitel <i>Cmd + Enter<\/i>). Kui soovime saata mitut koodirida korraga, siis tuleb need koodiredaktoris valida (st m\u00e4rkida need hiirega \u00e4ra) ja seej\u00e4rel vajutada <i>Run<\/i>-nuppu v\u00f5i klahvikombinatsiooni.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><b>All vasakul<\/b> on konsool (<i>Console<\/i>). Seal asubki arvutusi teostav R ise. Kui laseme R-il midagi arvutada, siis ilmuvad tulemused n\u00e4htavale just selles osas. Koodi v\u00f5ib p\u00f5him\u00f5tteliselt kirjutada ka otse konsoolile, aga enamasti on mugavam kasutada koodifaili, sest nii on lihtsam parandusi teha ja koodi korduvkasutada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><b>All paremal<\/b> asuvad 5 erinevat paneeli:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Files<\/i>: R-i koodi- ja andmefailide avamiseks.<br><b>NB!<\/b> Selles aknas saame s\u00e4ttida enda \u201ct\u00f6\u00f6kausta\u201d. See annab R-ile teada, missuguse kaustaga parasjagu t\u00f6\u00f6d tehakse. Kausta otsimiseks vajutage s\u00fcmbolile \u201c\u2026\u201d, seej\u00e4rel otsige \u00fcles sobiv kaust ja vajutage \u201cOK\u201d. Seej\u00e4rel vajutage nupule <i>More<\/i> ja valige <i>Set As Working Directory<\/i>. Soovitatav on kasutada t\u00f6\u00f6keskkonnana kausta, kus on teie anal\u00fc\u00fcsitavad andmed.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Plots<\/i>: siia kuvatakse tehtud joonised.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Packages<\/i>: selle osa abil saab installeerida ja laadida lisamooduleid, mis lisavad R-ile t\u00e4iendavat funktsionaalsust. Lisamoodulite kasutamiseks tuleb need k\u00f5igepealt arvutisse installeerida. Vajutage nuppu <i>Install<\/i> ja kirjutage avanenud aknasse soovitud lisamooduli nimi. Mooduli funktsioonide kasutamiseks tuleb vastav moodul R-is aktiveerida. Aktiveerimiseks tuleb moodul <i>Packages<\/i> paneeli nimekirjast \u00fcles otsida ja selle nime eesasuvasse kasti linnukene teha. Lisamooduleid saab installida ja aktiveerida ka R-i koodi abil: <i>install.packages(\u201clisamooduli nimi\u201d)<\/i> ja <i>library(lisamooduli nimi)<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Help<\/i>: Abiinfo R-i funktsioonide kohta. Siin paneelis saame otsida R-is olevate funktsioonide kohta informatsiooni.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Viewer<\/i>: Selle osa abil saab teha keerulisemat t\u00fc\u00fcpi andmekuvamist, millel on lisaks joonisele ka kontrollelemendid, mis v\u00f5imaldavad joonise parameetreid muuta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><b>\u00dcleval paremal<\/b> asuvad 3 paneeli:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Environment<\/i>: selles osas n\u00e4idatakse kasutusel olevaid andmeid.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>History<\/i>: R-i konsoolile saadetud k\u00e4skude \u00fclevaade.<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\"><i>Connections<\/i>: n\u00e4itab, missugused \u00fchendused on loodud andmebaasidega (seda v\u00f5imalust ei ole tavalise andmet\u00f6\u00f6tluse puhul vaja kasutada).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Tutvume natuke l\u00e4hemalt paneeliga T\u00f6\u00f6keskkond (<i>Environment<\/i>), aga esmalt v\u00f5tame harjutamiseks kasutusele RStudioga kaasas oleva andmefaili. Selleks kasutame funktsiooni <i>data()<\/i>, mille abil saame laadida n\u00e4idisandmestiku RStudio t\u00f6\u00f6keskkonda. Kirjutame R-i konsoolile j\u00e4rgmised read:<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-616 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.50.30.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.50.30.png\" alt=\"joonis\" width=\"760\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.50.30.png 760w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.50.30-300x83.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Selles n\u00e4idisandmestikus on eksperimendi andmed, kus m\u00f5\u00f5deti erinevate toidulisandite m\u00f5ju tibude kaalule. N\u00fc\u00fcd peaks paneel T\u00f6\u00f6keskkond v\u00e4lja n\u00e4gema nagu alloleval pildil (joonis 3). Objekt nimega \u201cchickwts\u201d viitab konkreetse andmetabeli nimele. <i>71 obs of 2 variables<\/i> n\u00e4itab, et andmetabelis on 71 rida ja 2 veergu ehk <span style=\"color: #0070c0;\">tunnust<\/span>. Seejuures peab igal andmetabelil olema ainulaadne nimi, sest selle abil saame vastavas andmetabelis olevaid tunnuseid kasutada.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_617\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-617\" style=\"width: 712px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-617\" title=\"Joonis 3. RStudio Global Environment\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.51.06.png\" alt=\"Joonis 3. RStudio Global Environment\" width=\"712\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.51.06.png 712w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.51.06-300x172.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-617\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 3. RStudio Global Environment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Vajutage andmestiku nime ees oleval sinisel nupul (joonis 4). Meile n\u00e4idatakse tabelis olevate veergude nimesid, andmet\u00fc\u00fcpe ja esimesi andmepunkte. Antud andmestikus kannab esimene veerg\/muutuja nime \u201cweight\u201d. Andmet\u00fc\u00fcp on <i>num<\/i>, mis tuleb inglisekeelsest s\u00f5nast <i>numeric<\/i>, st tegemist on veeruga, mis koosneb arvtunnustest. Lisaks on R-is levinud numbriliste andmete t\u00fc\u00fcp tunnusega <i>int<\/i> ehk <i>integer<\/i>, mis n\u00e4itab, et veerus on ainult t\u00e4isarvud. Antud andmetabeli teine tulp kannab nime \u201cfeed\u201d. Selle andmeveeru t\u00fc\u00fcbiks on m\u00e4rgitud \u201e<i>Factor w\/ 6 levels\u201c<\/i>. Faktor t\u00e4histab R-i kontekstis kategooriaid sisaldavat muutujat. Antud juhul on neid kategooriaid 6 t\u00fckki, vastavalt eksperimendis kasutatud toidulisandite arvule.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_618\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-618\" style=\"width: 695px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-618\" title=\"Joonis 4. RStudio \u00fclevaade\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.51.46.png\" alt=\"Joonis 4. RStudio \u00fclevaade\" width=\"695\" height=\"437\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.51.46.png 695w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.51.46-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-618\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 4. RStudio \u00fclevaade<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><b>Kas teadsid?<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"border: solidwindowtext1.0pt; padding: 1.0pt4.0pt1.0pt4.0pt;\">\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">RStudio T\u00f6\u00f6keskkonnas olevate andmete struktuuri uurimiseks saame kasutada ka funktsiooni <i>str()<\/i>. Selle funktsiooni kasutamiseks peab funktsioonile argumendiks andma ainult huvipakkuva andmestiku nime. Meie n\u00e4idisandmestiku uurimiseks kirjutage konsoolile:<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"116\" class=\"wp-image-619 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.52.43.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.52.43.png\" alt=\"veeljoonis\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.52.43.png 748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.52.43-300x47.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed4b-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed4b-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed4b-collapse\">R-i s\u00fcntaks<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed4b-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed4b-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Enne andmete juurde asumist teeme v\u00e4ikse k\u00f5rvalep\u00f5ike R-i s\u00fcntaksiga tutvumiseks. Nagu juba eelnevalt mainitud, siis \u00fcldiselt on kasulik kirjutada koodi koodifaili (<i>R Script<\/i>), mis v\u00f5imaldab tehtud t\u00f6\u00f6 salvestada enda arvutisse. Seevastu konsoolile kirjutatud koodiridu on p\u00e4rast R-i taask\u00e4ivitamist raskem taastada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Kui kasutate koodifaili, siis on soovitatav lisada R-ile saadetavate k\u00e4skude juurde kommentaare, et hiljem oleks lihtsam endal v\u00f5i teistel koodist aru saada. Kommentaaride lisamiseks pange enda sisestatud m\u00e4rkuse ette s\u00fcmbol \u201e#\u201c. See s\u00fcmbol annab R-ile teada, et sellest s\u00fcmbolist alates kuni sama rea l\u00f5puni on kastujapoolne m\u00e4rkus, mida ei ole vaja R-il arvutada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><strong>Aritmeetika<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">R-i v\u00f5ib kasutada tavalise kalkulaatorina. Proovige teha j\u00e4rgnevaid tehteid R-i konsoolil (joonis 5):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Compact\">liitmine: 2 + 2<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">lahutamine: 4 \u2013 5<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">korrutamine: 5 * 7<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">jagamine: 21 \/ 3<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">astmesse t\u00f5stmine: 2^4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_620\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-620\" style=\"width: 537px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-620\" title=\"Joonis 5. Arvutuste tegemine konsoolis\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.54.42_01.png\" alt=\"Joonis 5. Arvutuste tegemine konsoolis\" width=\"537\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.54.42_01.png 537w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_22.54.42_01-300x81.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-620\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 5. Arvutuste tegemine konsoolis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"Compact\"><strong>Muutujate loomine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\">Sageli on vajalik luua andmet\u00f6\u00f6tluse k\u00e4igus uus muutuja, kuhu on salvestatud mingi oluline v\u00e4\u00e4rtus. Uue muutuja loomiseks kasutatakse R-is tavaliselt s\u00fcmbolit \u201c&lt;-\u201d, aga t\u00f6\u00f6tab ka tavaline v\u00f5rdusm\u00e4rk \u201c=\u201d. Muutujate nimede puhul ei luba R t\u00fchikuid kasutada. Seega on pikema nime puhul hea kasutada punkti (\u201cuus.muutuja\u201d), alakriipsu (\u201cuus_muutuja\u201d) v\u00f5i suurt\u00e4hti (\u201cuusMuutuja\u201d). Lisaks on oluline teada, et R on t\u00f5stutundlik, st v\u00e4ike- ja suurt\u00e4htede kasutamine peab olema muutujate nimede puhul l\u00e4bivalt sama. N\u00e4iteks muutuja nimega \u201euusMuutuja\u201c on R-i jaoks erinev kui muutuja nimega \u201euusmuutuja\u201c.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\"><span lang=\"ET\">Muutuja loomiseks saame kasutada j\u00e4rgmist koodirida: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"29\" class=\"wp-image-656 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.27.59.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.27.59.png\" alt=\"muutuja\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.27.59.png 742w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.27.59-300x12.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\">N\u00fc\u00fcd on meil R-i t\u00f6\u00f6keskkonnas (\u201e<i>Environment<\/i>\u201c aknas) muutuja nimega \u201euus_muutuja\u201c.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">T\u00f6\u00f6keskkonnas olevate muutujatega saame teha ka tavalisi aritmeetilisi tehteid. Korrutame n\u00e4iteks eelnevalt loodud muutuja neljaga:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"63\" class=\"wp-image-657 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.28.26.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.28.26.png\" alt=\"uus muutuja\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.28.26.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.28.26-300x26.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><strong>Andmet\u00fc\u00fcbid ja vektorid<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Andmestike puhul on alati kasulik teada, kuidas need andmed on R-is kodeeritud ehk mis on nende andmet\u00fc\u00fcbid. K\u00f5ige tavalisemad andmet\u00fc\u00fcbid on:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Compact\">numbrilised (<i>numeric, integer<\/i>): 2.2, 3;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">s\u00f5ned (<i>character<\/i>): \u201chello\u201d, \u201cTartu\u201d;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">t\u00f5ev\u00e4\u00e4rtused: <i>TRUE<\/i>, <i>FALSE;<\/i><\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">faktorid (<i>factors<\/i>): t\u00e4histab kategoriaalset tunnust (nominaaltunnust v\u00f5i j\u00e4rjestustunnust).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Andmestiku \u00fchte veergu v\u00f5ib k\u00e4sitleda vektorina, mis koosneb teatud t\u00fc\u00fcpi elementidest. Vektorid v\u00f5ivad sisaldada ainult \u00fchte t\u00fc\u00fcpi elemente. Vaatame k\u00f5igepealt, kuidas R-is saab vektoreid ise luua. Vektori loomiseks saame kasutada funktsiooni <i>c()<\/i>, mis v\u00f5imaldab elemente siduda \u00fcheks vektoriks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">Numbrilise vektori saame luua j\u00e4rgmise koodireaga:<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"217\" height=\"23\" class=\"wp-image-658 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.29.07.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.29.07.png\" alt=\"vek\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">S\u00f5nedega vektori loomine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"404\" height=\"27\" class=\"wp-image-659 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.29.30.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.29.30.png\" alt=\"sonvk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.29.30.png 404w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.29.30-300x20.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">T\u00f5ev\u00e4\u00e4rtustega vektori loomine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"25\" class=\"wp-image-660 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.01.png\" alt=\"vekt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.01.png 744w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.01-300x10.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">Muutuja t\u00fc\u00fcbi kontrollimiseks saame kasutada funktsiooni <i>class()<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"45\" class=\"wp-image-661 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.32.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.32.png\" alt=\"muutujaga\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.32.png 738w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.30.32-300x18.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;\"><strong>Tehted vektoritega<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Vektoritega saab samuti teha tavalisi aritmeetilisi tehteid.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Teeme esialgu kaks vektorit:<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"582\" height=\"51\" class=\"wp-image-662 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.00.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.00.png\" alt=\"ohjumm\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.00.png 582w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.00-300x26.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 582px) 100vw, 582px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">N\u00fc\u00fcd liidame need vektorid omavahel:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"61\" class=\"wp-image-663 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.25.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.25.png\" alt=\"dvmbdof\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.25.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.25-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">V\u00e4ljundist n\u00e4eme, et vektorite liitmisel liidetakse samal positsioonil olevad v\u00e4\u00e4rtused. Vektorite esimesed v\u00e4\u00e4rtused liidetakse omavahel, teisel kohal olevad v\u00e4\u00e4rtused omavahel jne.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Samamoodi t\u00f6\u00f6tab ka n\u00e4iteks korrutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"69\" class=\"wp-image-664 alignleft\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.59.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.59.png\" alt=\"dsa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.59.png 744w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.31.59-300x28.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\"><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Paljud R-i funktsioonid vajavad arvutuste teostamiseks sisendiks vektoreid. N\u00e4iteks saame v\u00f5tta \u00fche andmeveeru (ehk vektori andmetega) ja arvutada selle aritmeetilise keskmise, mediaani jms.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Keskmise v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse arvutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"739\" height=\"63\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-665\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.29.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.29.png\" alt=\"oihg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.29.png 739w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.29-300x26.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 739px) 100vw, 739px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Mediaani arvutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"60\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-666\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.56.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.56.png\" alt=\"asfghh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.56.png 742w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.32.56-300x24.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Summa arvutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"745\" height=\"61\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-667\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.33.19.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.33.19.png\" alt=\"kjkshgurk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.33.19.png 745w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.33.19-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><strong>Vektori elementide eristamine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">R-i \u00fcks peamisi tugevusi peitub selles, et ta v\u00f5imaldab h\u00f5lpsasti teha andmeteisendusi. Vektori elementide eristamiseks saab kasutada indekseid v\u00f5i loogikaavaldisi. Indeksiga andmete eraldamisel peame teadma huvipakkuvate andmete konkreetset asukohta vektoris (nt v\u00f5tame andmereast k\u00fcmnendal kohal oleva v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse). Loogikaavaldisega saame valida v\u00e4\u00e4rtused, mis vastavad meie poolt m\u00e4\u00e4ratud reeglitele (nt j\u00e4tame alles andmed, mis on suuremad kui etteantud v\u00e4\u00e4rtus).<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Loome vektori nimega \u201ev3\u201c, mis sisaldab v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi 1st kuni 10ni sammuga 0,5:<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"197\" height=\"24\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-668\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.33.53.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.33.53.png\" alt=\"gvhfh\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vektori vaatamiseks kirjutage konsoolile vektori nimi:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"102\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-669\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.14.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.14.png\" alt=\"lhkgk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.14.png 742w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.14-300x41.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vaatame antud vektori k\u00fcmnendat v\u00e4\u00e4rtust:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-670\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.38.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.38.png\" alt=\"hgfhgvf\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.38.png 733w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.34.38-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\">Vaatame vektori v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi, mis asuvad 3. kuni 5. kohal:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"61\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-671\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.10.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.10.png\" alt=\"bjhbjh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.10.png 740w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.10-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vaatame v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi, mis on suuremad kui 7:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"746\" height=\"63\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-672\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.34.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.34.png\" alt=\"fghuyhk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.34.png 746w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.35.34-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><strong>\u00dclesanded \u2013 R-i s\u00fcntaks<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Tehke kaks erinevat vektorit, kus on v\u00e4hemalt 10 numbrilist elementi.<\/li>\n<li>Liitke need vektorid ja salvestage tulemus uude muutujasse. Arvutage uue muutuja keskmine, mediaan ja summa.<\/li>\n<li>Korrutage eelmises \u00fclesandes saadud vektor kolmega.<\/li>\n<li>Tehke vektor, mis koosneb kolmest nimest.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed61-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed61-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed61-collapse\">Tehted andmetega<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed61-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed61-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Enne alustamist veenduge, et teil oleks RStudio t\u00f6\u00f6keskkonnas (<i>Global Environment<\/i>) andmestik nimega \u201cchickwts\u201d (joonis 3). Kui seda ei ole, siis kirjutage R-i konsoolile j\u00e4rgmised read:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"49\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-655\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.25.30.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.25.30.png\" alt=\"pdlk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.25.30.png 743w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.25.30-300x20.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Vaatame selle n\u00e4idisandmestiku p\u00f5hjal, kuidas saab suuremast andmestikust eraldada konkreetsemaid andmeveerge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Tutvume l\u00e4hemalt kolme v\u00f5imalusega:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"Compact\">dollarim\u00e4rgi abil andmeveerule viitamine;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">nurgeliste sulgude kasutamine \u2013 R-is annavad nurgelised sulud m\u00e4rku, et mingist objektist\/andmestikust tahetakse konkreetseid elemente k\u00e4tte saada;<\/li>\n<li class=\"Compact\">funktsioon <i>subset()<\/i> \u2013 see funktsioon v\u00f5imaldab teha sama, mida nurgelised sulud.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"Compact\"><strong>Veergude eraldamine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Dollarim\u00e4rgi abil andmeveeru eraldamiseks peame teadma vastava veeru nime. Eraldame n\u00e4idisandmestikust muutuja nimega \u201cfeed\u201d ja kuvame need v\u00e4\u00e4rtused konsoolile:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"284\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-654\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.59.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.59.png\" alt=\"appi\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.59.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.59-300x115.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Nurgeliste sulgudega andmete eraldamiseks peame teadma huvipakkuva veeru asukohta andmestikus. Nurgeliste sulgude sisse kirjutatakse kaks numbrit: esimene t\u00e4histab ridu ja teine t\u00e4histab veerge. Kui \u00fcks nendest t\u00fchjaks j\u00e4tta, siis see annab R-ile teada, et me tahame andmetest eraldada kas k\u00f5iki ridu v\u00f5i veerge vastavalt sellele, kumma osa me t\u00fchjaks j\u00e4tame. J\u00e4rgnevalt on toodud v\u00e4lja m\u00f5ned n\u00e4ited, kuidas nurgeliste sulgudega andmeid eraldada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vaatame elementi, mis paikneb esimeses reas ja esimeses veerus:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"61\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-653\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.34.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.34.png\" alt=\"cfjbkj\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.34.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.34-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vaatame elementi, mis paikneb esimeses reas ja teises veerus:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"79\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-652\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.08.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.08.png\" alt=\"khj\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.08.png 740w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.24.08-300x32.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vaatame k\u00f5iki elemente, mis paiknevad esimeses veerus. Selleks j\u00e4tame rea v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse nurgeliste sulgude sisse kirjutamata:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"746\" height=\"176\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-651\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.41.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.41.png\" alt=\"rvh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.41.png 746w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.41-300x71.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Veerge saab eraldada ka funktsiooni <i>subset()<\/i> abil. Selle kasutamiseks peame teadma ainult veergude nimesid:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-650\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.13.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.13.png\" alt=\"tflk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.13.png 742w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.23.13-300x25.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Eelnevalt vaatasime, kuidas saame andmetest v\u00f5tta v\u00e4lja konkreetseid veerge. Vahepeal v\u00f5ib tekkida aga vajadus \u00fche veeru eemaldamiseks. Selleks saame kasutada veeru nimes v\u00f5i indeksi ees miinusm\u00e4rki:<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"702\" height=\"67\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-649\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.49.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.49.png\" alt=\"pgh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.49.png 702w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.49-300x29.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 702px) 100vw, 702px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><strong>Ridade eraldamine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">J\u00e4rjekorra numbri abil saab ridasid samamoodi eraldada nagu veerge.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Vaatame ainult teises reas olevaid v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"79\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-648\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.20.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.20.png\" alt=\"wdf\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.20.png 736w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.22.20-300x32.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\"><\/p>\n<p>Vaatame viies esimeses reas olevaid v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"737\" height=\"158\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-647\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.55.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.55.png\" alt=\"asdf\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.55.png 737w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.55-300x64.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><strong>Tingimuste kasutamine<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Kuidas valida ridu, mis vastavad teatud tingimustele? Proovime n\u00e4iteks v\u00f5tta andmestikust need read, kus tibude kaal on alla 260.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\">Nurgeliste sulgudega:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"746\" height=\"25\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-646\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.29.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.29.png\" alt=\"rhbb\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.29.png 746w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.29-300x10.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Funktsiooniga <i>subset()<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"739\" height=\"22\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-645\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.04.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.04.png\" alt=\"fghk\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.04.png 739w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.21.04-300x9.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 739px) 100vw, 739px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Sarnaselt saame andmetest v\u00f5tta v\u00e4lja read, mis vastavad teatud v\u00e4\u00e4rtusele. N\u00e4iteks p\u00fc\u00fcame eraldada andmetest k\u00f5ik read, kus kasutati toidulisandit nimega \u201ccasein\u201d. Selleks saame nurgeliste sulgude sees t\u00e4psustada toidulisandi v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse loogikaavaldise abil, st t\u00e4psustame, et tahame neid ridu, kus toidulisandi v\u00e4\u00e4rtus v\u00f5rdub meie etteantud v\u00e4\u00e4rtusega. Loogikaavaldiste puhul peame v\u00f5rdlemiseks kasutama kahte v\u00f5rdusm\u00e4rki. Lisaks on oluline, et toidulisandi v\u00e4\u00e4rtus oleks jutum\u00e4rkides.<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"48\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-644\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.34.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.34.png\" alt=\"bhi\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.34.png 736w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.34-300x20.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Samasuguse tulemuse saame ka funktsiooniga <i>subset():<\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"737\" height=\"24\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-643\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.10.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.10.png\" alt=\"poi\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.10.png 737w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.20.10-300x10.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\"><\/p>\n<p>Paar n\u00f5uannet ka koodi kirjutamise kohta. Esiteks, koodi kirjutamisel ei pea j\u00e4tma t\u00fchikuid sulgude sees olevate k\u00e4skude vahele, kuid koodi loetavuse m\u00f5ttes on see siiski soovitatav. Teiseks kasutatakse punkte ja komasid R-is erinevatel juhtudel. Punkte kasutatakse komakohtade n\u00e4itamiseks. Komasid kasutatakse aga erinevate elementide eristamiseks (n\u00e4iteks <i><span lang=\"ET\">5.12<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"position: relative;\"><span style=\"top: 3.0pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0on \u00fcks arv, aga <i><span lang=\"ET\">5,12<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\"><span style=\"position: relative;\"><span style=\"top: 3.0pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0on kaks arvu).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00dclesanded \u2013 tehted andmetega<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Eraldage andmetest veerg \u201cfeed\u201d. Looge uus muutuja, kus on ainult see veerg.<\/li>\n<li>Tehke kaks uut andmestikku. Esimesse j\u00e4tke alles ainult toidulisandit \u201chorsebean\u201d saanud tibud ja teise toidulisandit \u201csoybean\u201d saanud tibud.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed6d-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed6d-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed6d-collapse\">Kirjeldav statistika<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed6d-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed6d-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Teades, kuidas anda R-ile edasi ainult \u00fcks muutuja andmestikust, proovime saada selgemat \u00fclevaadet tibude kaalust (tunnus \u201eweight\u201c). J\u00e4rgnevalt on toodud n\u00e4ited osade kirjeldavate statistikute arvutamiseks.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><b>Keskmise<\/b> kaalu saame, kui anname funktsioonile <i>mean()<\/i> argumendiks vastava tunnuse nime:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"57\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-642\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.42.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.42.png\" alt=\"ohg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.42.png 748w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.42-300x23.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Sarnaselt saame arvutada ka teisi kirjeldavaid statistikuid. Toon j\u00e4rgnevalt v\u00e4lja nendest ainult osad.<\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><b>Mediaani<\/b> arvutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"736\" height=\"56\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-641\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.17.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.17.png\" alt=\"fgh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.17.png 736w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.19.17-300x23.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 736px) 100vw, 736px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><b>Standardh\u00e4lbe <\/b>arvutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"58\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-640\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.53.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.53.png\" alt=\"iuy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.53.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.53-300x23.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\"><b>Miinimumi<\/b> ja <b>maksimumi <\/b>arvutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-638\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.17.16.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.17.16.png\" alt=\"uhg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.17.16.png 743w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.17.16-300x52.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Kui veerus esineb <b>puuduvaid v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi<\/b>, siis annab R meile statistiku v\u00e4\u00e4rtuseks samuti puuduva v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse ehk NA (<i>not available<\/i>). Selleks, et puuduvad v\u00e4\u00e4rtused arvutustest v\u00e4lja j\u00e4tta, tuleb funktsioonile lisada \u00fcks t\u00e4iendav argument \u2013 \u201cna.rm=TRUE\u201d.<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"95\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-639\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.29.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.29.png\" alt=\"rty\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.29.png 738w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.18.29-300x39.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\">Kategooriaid sisaldava tunnuse kirjeldamisel on abiks <b>sagedustabel<\/b>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"102\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-637\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.52.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.52.png\" alt=\"muh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.52.png 744w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.52-300x41.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Protsentuaalse jaotuse saame, kui lisame sagedustabeli \u00fcmber funktsiooni <i>prop.table()<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"94\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-636\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.27.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.27.png\" alt=\"rer\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.27.png 743w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.16.27-300x38.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"border: solidwindowtext1.0pt; padding: 1.0pt4.0pt1.0pt4.0pt;\">\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><b><i>Kas teadsid?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">Osa R-i funktsioonidest t\u00f6\u00f6tavad ka terve andmestiku peal. N\u00e4iteks kui funktsioonile <i>summary() v\u00f5i str()<\/i> anda argumendiks andmestiku nimi, siis saab kiire \u00fclevaate andmetes olevatest muutujatest.<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">Funktsioon <i>summary()<\/i> kuvab arvuliste tunnuste puhul miinimumi, maksimumi, keskmise, mediaani, esimese ja kolmanda kvartiili. Kategoriaalsete tunnuste puhul n\u00e4itab aga iga kategooria suurust. Meie n\u00e4idisandmestiku puhul saame j\u00e4rgneva \u00fclevaate:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"177\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-635\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.53.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.53.png\" alt=\"lul\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.53.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.53-300x72.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><strong>\u00dclesanded \u2013 kirjeldav statistika\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Leidke erinevaid toidulisandeid saanud tibude keskmised kaalud.<\/li>\n<li>Proovige funktsioone <i>summary() ja str()<\/i>. Rakendage neid funktsiooni \u00fche veeru ja seej\u00e4rel terve andmestiku peal.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed76-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed76-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed76-collapse\">Histogramm<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed76-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed76-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"FirstParagraph\">Andmete puhul on soovitatav enne anal\u00fc\u00fcside tegemist uurida nende jaotust. V\u00e4ga hea \u00fclevaate andmete jaotusest saab histogrammi abil. Vaatame, kuidas jaotuvad meie andmetes tibude kaalud. Kasutame histogrammi tegemiseks funktsiooni <i>hist()<\/i>, millele saame sisendiks anda meid huvitava andmeveeru (joonis 6).<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"28\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-634\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.28.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.28.png\" alt=\"po\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.28.png 749w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.15.28-300x11.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\"><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_621\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-621\" style=\"width: 747px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-621\" title=\"Joonis 6. Viimistlemata histogramm\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.04.32.png\" alt=\"Joonis 6. Viimistlemata histogramm\" width=\"747\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.04.32.png 747w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.04.32-300x174.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 747px) 100vw, 747px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-621\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 6. Viimistlemata histogramm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\">Histogrammi v\u00e4limuse muutmiseks saab funktsioonile lisada erinevaid argumente:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">main \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab muuta joonise pealkirja;<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">xlab \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab muuta x-telje nimetust;<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">ylab \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab muuta y-telje nimetust;<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">col \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab muuta tulpade v\u00e4rvi. V\u00e4rvi v\u00e4\u00e4rtust saab muuta kahel viisil: 1) v\u00e4rvi nimega (nt \u201cgray\u201d, \u201cred\u201d, \u201cblue\u201d); 2) t\u00e4psemaid v\u00e4rvitoone saab valida v\u00e4rvi heksadetsimaalkoodi abil (nt #FF0000 on punase v\u00e4rvi kood). Need koodid leiate, kui sisestate interneti otsingumootorisse \u201c<i>hexadecimal color codes<\/i>\u201d;<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">border \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab valida tulpade \u00e4\u00e4rejoone v\u00e4rvi;<\/li>\n<li class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">breaks \u2013 v\u00f5imaldab muuta tulpade arvu histogrammis. N\u00e4iteks, joonisel 7 on selle argumendi v\u00e4\u00e4rtuseks pandud 20, mis t\u00e4hendab seda, et me soovime jaotada andmeid 20-ks v\u00f5rdseks tulbaks. Saadud tulpade arv joonisel ei pruugi alati vastata etteantud soovitusele, sest algoritm kasutab seda v\u00e4\u00e4rtust parima jaotuse leidmiseks. Hoolimata sellest saame suurendada v\u00f5i v\u00e4hendada tulpade arvu joonisel, kui suurendame v\u00f5i v\u00e4hendame selle argumendi v\u00e4\u00e4rtust.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\">Vaadake lisaks: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/how-to-make-a-histogram-with-basic-r\/\">https:\/\/www.r-bloggers.com\/how-to-make-a-histogram-with-basic-r\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoBodyText\" style=\"margin: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"143\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-633\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.53.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.53.png\" alt=\"meh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.53.png 740w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.53-300x58.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\"><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_622\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-622\" style=\"width: 729px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-622\" title=\"Joonis 7. Viimistletud histogramm\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.05.31.png\" alt=\"Joonis 7. Viimistletud histogramm\" width=\"729\" height=\"398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.05.31.png 729w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.05.31-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-622\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Joonis 7. Viimistletud histogramm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed7e-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed7e-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed7e-collapse\">\u00dclesannete lahendused<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed7e-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed7e-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><em><strong>\u00dclesanded R-i s\u00fcntaks<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"Compact\">Tehke kaks erinevat vektorit, kus on v\u00e4hemalt 10 numbrilist elementi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"44\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-632\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.25.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.25.png\" alt=\"qq\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.25.png 741w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.25-300x18.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\"><span lang=\"ET\" style=\"color: black;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"Compact\">Liitke need vektorid ja salvestage tulemus uude muutujasse. Arvutage uue muutuja keskmine, mediaan ja summa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"27\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-631\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.00.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.00.png\" alt=\"oo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.00.png 743w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.14.00-300x11.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\"><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li class=\"Compact\">Korrutage eelmises \u00fclesandes saadud vektor kolmega.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"58\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-630\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.33.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.33.png\" alt=\"ee\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.33.png 733w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.33-300x24.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\"><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li class=\"Compact\">Tehke vektor, mis koosneb kolmest nimest.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"744\" height=\"25\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-629\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.09.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.09.png\" alt=\"aa\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.09.png 744w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.13.09-300x10.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 744px) 100vw, 744px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><em><strong>\u00dclesanded \u2013 tehted andmetega\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"Compact\">Eraldage andmetest veerg \u201cfeed\u201d. Looge uus muutuja, kus on ainult see veerg.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"735\" height=\"25\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-628\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.36.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.36.png\" alt=\"mn\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.36.png 735w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.36-300x10.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\"><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"Compact\">Tehke kaks uut andmestikku. Esimesse j\u00e4tke alles ainult toidulisandit \u201chorsebean\u201d saanud tibude ja teise toidulisandit \u201csoybean\u201d saanud tibud.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"735\" height=\"39\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-627\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.05.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.05.png\" alt=\"jo\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.05.png 735w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.12.05-300x16.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><em><strong>\u00dclesanded \u2013 kirjeldav statistika<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"Compact\">Leidke erinevaid toidulisandeid saanud tibude keskmised kaalud.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"458\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-626\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.11.37.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.11.37.png\" alt=\"voh\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.11.37.png 738w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.11.37-300x186.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"border: solidwindowtext1.0pt; padding: 1.0pt4.0pt1.0pt4.0pt;\">\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed85-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69de5cf4eed85-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed85-collapse\">Kas teadsid?<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed85-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69de5cf4eed85-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p class=\"Compact\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">R-is on funktsioone, mis v\u00f5imaldavad seda k\u00f5ike teha veel kiiremini.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">N\u00e4iteks funktsioon <i>aggregate() <\/i>jaotab andmestiku osadeks ja teostab seej\u00e4rel k\u00f5ikide osade peal korraga ette antud arvutuse.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">Funktsiooni <i>aggregate()<\/i> kasutamine:<\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><i>aggregate(y~x, data = andmestiku nimi, FUN = funktsiooni nimi)<\/i>, kus y on numbriline tunnus ja x on kategoriaalne tunnus.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Compact\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">Kui tahame leida erinevat toidulisandit saanud tibude kaalud selle funktsiooniga, siis peaksime kirjutama R-i konsoolile j\u00e4rgneva rea:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"193\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-625\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.56.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.56.png\" alt=\"l\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.56.png 754w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.56-300x77.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\">Kasulik on teada ka funktsiooni <i>ddply()<\/i>, mis kuulub paketti nimega \u201eplyr\u201c. See funktsioon v\u00f5imaldab samuti arvutada erinevate tunnuste l\u00f5ikes kirjeldavaid statistikuid, aga seejuures saame selle funktsiooni abil arvutada mitu n\u00e4itajat korraga. N\u00e4iteks aritmeetilise keskmise ja standardh\u00e4lbe saame antud funktsiooniga arvutada j\u00e4rgmiselt:<\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\" style=\"border: none; padding: 0cm;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"749\" height=\"201\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-624\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.24.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.24.png\" alt=\"mm\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.24.png 749w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.10.24-300x81.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 749px) 100vw, 749px\"><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li class=\"Compact\">Proovige funktsiooni <i>summary()<\/i>. Rakendage seda funktsiooni \u00fche veeru ja seej\u00e4rel terve andmestiku peal.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"737\" height=\"262\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-623\" title=\"screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.09.50.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.09.50.png\" alt=\"jooni\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.09.50.png 737w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/screen_shot_2020-02-09_at_23.09.50-300x107.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"SourceCode\"><i>Valminud Hariduse Infotehnoloogia Sihtasutuse IT Akadeemia programmi toel<\/i>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Martin Kolnes2020 Selle peat\u00fcki eesm\u00e4rk on tutvustada algteadmisi R-i kasutamise kohta. Teemaplokkide l\u00f5pus on \u00fclesanded, mis pakuvad v\u00f5imaluse iseseisvalt R-i katsetada. \u00dclesannete tegemiseks installeerige R ja RStudio endale arvutisse (vaadake osa \u201eR-i ja RStudio paigaldamine\u201d). Lahendused \u00fclesannetele leiate peat\u00fcki l\u00f5pust. &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-63","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/63","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/45"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/63\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2121,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/63\/revisions\/2121"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/samm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}