{"id":8,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/52-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2025-03-04T15:49:51","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T13:49:51","slug":"52-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/52-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"5.2. Gramatik \/ Grammatika"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Lihtminevik<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Kindla k\u00f5neviisi lihtmineviku ehk imperfekti tunnused on peenendus, -i, \u00ad\u0161<\/i>, \u00ad\u017e, \u00ad\u012bz<\/i> ja \u2013iz<\/i><\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lihtmineviku tunnusele liituvad isikul\u00f5pud erinevad m\u00f5neti olevikuvormides avalduvatest isikul\u00f5ppudest (vt oleviku kohta ptk 2). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lihtmineviku jaatava k\u00f5neliigi<\/span><\/b> 1. ja 3. isikus avaldub \u00fcksnes lihtmineviku t\u00fcvi (t\u00e4histatud m\u00e4rgiga \u00f8). Ainsuse 2. isiku l\u00f5pp \u2013<\/i>d<\/b> liitub t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4likule v\u00f5i helilisele kaash\u00e4\u00e4likule, -t<\/i> helitule kaash\u00e4\u00e4likule. Mitmuse 2. ja 3. isikus on m\u00e4rgata \u00fcldistumist: m\u00f5lemal juhul on kasutusel t\u00f5<\/i>-l\u00f5puline vorm. L\u00f5pud \u2013ma\u0304<\/i> ja \u2013<\/span>ta\u0304<\/span><\/i> on antud sulgudes, sest need esinevad vaid s\u00f5nas l\u01df\u2019d\u00f5<\/i> \u2019minna\u2019<\/mark> (lek\u0161m\u0101 : lek\u0161t\u0101<\/mark><\/em>).\u00a0Isikul\u00f5pud lihtmineviku jaatavas k\u00f5neliigis verbide n\u01df\u2019d\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019n\u00e4ha\u2019 <\/mark>ja r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019r\u00e4\u00e4kida\u2019 <\/mark>n\u00e4itel on j\u00e4rgmised:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isik<\/th>P\u00f6\u00f6rdel\u00f5pp<\/th>N\u00e4ide<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
ains 1. isik<\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ma neiz<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndiz<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
ains 2. isik<\/td>-d ~ -t<\/strong><\/td>sa neizt<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizt<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
ains 3. isik<\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ta neiz<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndiz<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
mitm 1. isik<\/td>-m\u00f5 (~ -m\u0101)<\/strong><\/td>m\u0113g neizm\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizm\u00f5<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
mitm 2. isik<\/td>-t -t\u00f5 (~ -t\u0101)<\/strong><\/td>t\u0113g neizt\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizt(\u00f5)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
mitm 3. isik<\/td>-t -t\u00f5<\/strong><\/td>ne neizt\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizt(\u00f5)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Lihtmineviku eitavas k\u00f5neliigis<\/span><\/b> moodustatakse lihtminevik eitustegus\u00f5na lihtmineviku vormi ja p\u00f5hitegus\u00f5na eitusvormi abil. NB! P\u00f5hitegus\u00f5na eitusvormid kattuvad eitava k\u00f5neliigi vastavate olevikuvormidega (vt ptk 2 grammatikaosa). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isik<\/th>Eitustegus\u00f5na<\/th>P\u00f6\u00f6rdel\u00f5pp<\/th>N\u00e4ide<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
ains 1. isik<\/td>i\u2019z<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ma i\u2019z <\/strong>n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
ains 2. isik<\/td>i\u2019zt<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>sa i\u2019zt <\/strong>n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
ains 3. isik<\/td>i\u2019z<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ta i\u2019z<\/strong> n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
mitm 1. isik<\/td>i\u2019z<\/strong><\/td>-m\u00f5 ~ -m ~ -\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>m\u0113g i\u2019z<\/strong> n\u01dfm\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
mitm 2. isik<\/td>i\u2019zt<\/strong><\/td>-t\u00f5 ~ -t ~ -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>t\u0113g i\u2019zt <\/strong>n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
mitm 3. isik<\/td>i\u2019zt<\/strong><\/td>-t\u00f5 ~ -t ~ -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>ne i\u2019zt <\/strong>n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Seega on eitavas k\u00f5neliigis lihtmineviku t\u00e4histajaks just eitustegus\u00f5na. Vrd:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olevik<\/th>Lihminevik<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
M\u0113g r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m <\/mark><\/strong>l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5 <\/span><\/td>M\u0113g r\u00f5k\u0101ndizm\u00f5 <\/mark><\/strong>l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5 <\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u2018Me r\u00e4\u00e4gime liivi keelt\u2019<\/td>\u2018Me r\u00e4\u00e4kisime liivi keelt\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
M\u0113g\u00e4\u2019b<\/strong><\/mark>r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/mark><\/span> <\/strong>l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5<\/span><\/td>M\u0113g i\u2019z<\/mark><\/span><\/strong>r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/mark><\/strong><\/span> l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u2018Me ei r\u00e4\u00e4gi liivi keelt\u2019<\/td>\u2018Me ei r\u00e4\u00e4kinud liivi keelt\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
P\u00f6\u00f6rdkond I<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Tegus\u00f5nade v\u0231lda <\/em>\u2019olla\u2019, p\u0101nda <\/em>\u2019panna\u2019 ja t\u016blda <\/em>\u2019tulla\u2019 puhul on lihtmineviku tunnuseks peenendus. Lihtminevikus ilmub s\u00f5nat\u00fcvesse \u2013\u013c<\/em> v\u00f5i \u2013\u0146<\/em>, mis asendab oleviku eitava k\u00f5neliigi (ja ka infinitiivi) vormides esineva l<\/em>-i v\u00f5i n<\/em>-i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
P\u00f6\u00f6rdkond II<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

\u00dchesilbilise vokaalt\u00fcvega tegus\u00f5nade lihtmineviku tunnuseks v\u00f5ib olla<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • -i<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 esineb nt tegus\u00f5nades k\u01df\u2019\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019k\u00e4ia\u2019, t\u012b\u2019e\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019teha\u2019, s\u01ed\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019saada\u2019, j\u016bo\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019juua\u2019. Nendes s\u00f5nades t\u00fcvevokaalid lihtminevikus l\u00fchenevad,
    kusjuures lihtmineviku t\u00fcves on \u01df<\/em> ja \u012be<\/em> asemel e<\/em>, nt t\u012b\u2019eb <\/em>\u2019teeb\u2019 > tei<\/em> \u2019tegi\u2019, ning \u01ed<\/em> asemel a<\/em>, nt s\u01edb <\/em>\u2019saab\u2019 > sai <\/em>\u2019sai\u2019;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -\u017e<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 nt tegus\u00f5nades v\u012b\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019viia\u2019, v\u00f5i\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019v\u00f5i|da\u2019, t\u01ed\u2019\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019tahta\u2019 (vt j\u00e4rgmisest tabelist);<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -iz<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 vaid tegus\u00f5naga: n\u01df\u2019\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019n\u00e4ha\u2019, mille minevikut\u00fcvi on ne<\/em>-, nt neiz<\/em> \u2019n\u00e4gi\u2019;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -\u0161<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 \u00fcksnes tegus\u00f5naga l\u01df\u2019d\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019minna\u2019, mille minevikut\u00fcvi on lek<\/em>\u2013 (vt tabelist).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    P\u00f6\u00f6rdkond III<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    Sellesse p\u00f6\u00f6rdkonda kuuluvad kahesilbilised a\/\u0101<\/em>-, u<\/em>\u2013 ja \u00f5<\/em>-t\u00fcvelised astmevahelduslikud tegus\u00f5nad, mille lihtmineviku tunnusteks on \u2013iz <\/em>v\u00f5i \u2013\u012bz<\/em>. Kui s\u00f5na esimeses silbis on pikk t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik, on tunnus \u2013iz<\/em>, kui aga l\u00fchike t\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik, siis \u2013\u012bz<\/em>. Nende tegus\u00f5nade lihtmineviku jaatava k\u00f5neliigi vormid on alati n\u00f5rgaastmelised, kusjuures oleviku ainsuse vormides esinev t\u00fcvevokaal kaob minevikutunnuse eest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    P\u00f6\u00f6rdkond IV<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    Selle p\u00f6\u00f6rdkonna moodustavad astmevahelduseta mitmesilbilise konsonantt\u00fcvega tegus\u00f5nad, mille lihtmineviku tunnus on \u00fcldjuhul \u2013iz<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

    Arvs\u00f5nad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Liivi keeles esineb k\u00fcmnends\u00fcsteem, mis t\u00e4hendab,\u00a0et alus on 10 ning eraldi s\u00f5nad on k\u00fcmne kordsete jaoks, nt sad\u0101 <\/em>\u2019100\u2019<\/mark>, t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 <\/em>\u20191000\u2019<\/mark>. Teistk\u00fcmned moodustatakse -tuoist\u00f5n <\/i>\u2019teist\u2019 liitmise teel, nt ik\u0161tuoist\u00f5n <\/em>\u201911\u2019<\/mark>, kak\u0161tuoist\u00f5n<\/em> \u201912\u2019<\/mark> jne; t\u00e4isk\u00fcmnete puhul liitub -kimd\u00f5<\/i> \u2019k\u00fcmmend\u2019, nt <\/i>kuolmkimd\u00f5<\/em> \u201930\u2019<\/mark>, n\u0113\u013cakimd\u00f5 <\/em>\u201940\u2019<\/mark> jne. \u00dchelised on tavaks kirjutada k\u00fcmnelistest ja sajalistest jne lahku, nt <\/i>v\u012b\u017ekimd\u00f5 k\u016b\u017e<\/em> \u201956\u2019<\/mark>, seissadd\u00f5 k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ks<\/em> \u2019708\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    P\u00f5hiarvs\u00f5nad<\/strong><\/th><\/th>J\u00e4rgarvs\u00f5nad<\/strong><\/th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    0<\/strong><\/td>nul<\/td>0.<\/strong><\/td>null\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    1<\/strong><\/td>ik\u0161<\/td>1.<\/strong><\/td>e\u2019\u017emi<\/td><\/tr>
    2<\/strong><\/td>kak\u0161<\/td>2.<\/strong><\/td>tuoi<\/td><\/tr>
    3<\/strong><\/td>kuolm<\/td>3.<\/strong><\/td>kuolm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    4<\/strong><\/td>n\u0113\u013ca<\/td>4.<\/strong><\/td>ne\u013c\u013c\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    5<\/strong><\/td>v\u012b\u017e<\/td>5.<\/strong><\/td>v\u012bd\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    6<\/strong><\/td>k\u016b\u017e<\/td>6.<\/strong><\/td>k\u016bd\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    7<\/strong><\/td>seis<\/td>7.<\/strong><\/td>seism\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    8<\/strong><\/td>k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ks<\/td>8.<\/strong><\/td>k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    9<\/strong><\/td>\u012b\u2019d\u00f5ks<\/td>9.<\/strong><\/td>\u012b\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    10<\/strong><\/td>kim<\/td>10.<\/strong><\/td>kimm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    11<\/strong><\/td>ik\u0161tuoist\u00f5n<\/td>11.<\/strong><\/td>ik\u0161tuoist\u00f5n\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    30<\/strong><\/td>kuolmkimd\u00f5<\/td>30.<\/strong><\/td>kuolmkimd\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    41<\/strong><\/td>n\u0113\u013cakimd\u00f5 ik\u0161<\/td>41.<\/strong><\/td>n\u0113\u013cakimd\u00f5 e\u2019\u017emi<\/td><\/tr>
    100<\/strong><\/td>sad\u0101<\/td>100.<\/strong><\/td>sad\u0101z<\/td><\/tr>
    500<\/strong><\/td>v\u012b\u017esa\u2019dd\u00f5<\/td>500.<\/strong><\/td>v\u012b\u017esad\u0101z<\/td><\/tr>
    610<\/strong><\/td>k\u016b\u017esa\u2019dd\u00f5 kim<\/td>610.<\/strong><\/td>k\u016b\u017esad\u0101 kimm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    1000<\/strong><\/td>t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5<\/td>1000.<\/strong><\/td>t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    2003<\/strong><\/td>kak\u0161 t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 kuolm<\/td>2003.<\/strong><\/td>kak\u0161 t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 kuolm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    1 000 100<\/strong><\/td>(ik\u0161) miljon ik\u0161sad\u0101<\/td>1 000 100.<\/strong><\/td>(ik\u0161) miljon ik\u0161sad\u0101z<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Kui p\u00f5hiarvs\u00f5na <\/strong>on \u00fchest suurem arv ja see\u00a0laiendab nimis\u00f5na, on nimis\u00f5na partitiivis<\/strong>, nt \u012br<\/em> : \u012b\u2019d\u00f5ks \u012brt\u00f5<\/em> \u2019hiir : \u00fcheksa hiirt\u2019<\/mark>. Sel p\u00f5hjusel on ka nt v\u012b\u017esa\u2019dd\u00f5<\/em> \u2019viissada\u2019<\/mark> (vrd sad\u0101<\/em> \u2019sada\u2019<\/mark>). Kui laiendav nimis\u00f5na on mingis muus k\u00e4\u00e4ndes, siis kaob ka partitiivi n\u00f5ue, nt kaass\u00f5na i\u2019\u013c<\/i> n\u00f5uab laiendit genitiivis: Ma m\u00f5tl\u00f5b i\u2019\u013c \u012b\u2019d\u00f5ks \u012br<\/em> \u2019Ma m\u00f5tlen \u00fcheksast hiirest\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    J\u00e4rgarvs\u00f5nad <\/strong>moodustatatakse p\u00f5hiarvs\u00f5nadest tuletusliitega -z<\/i> <\/b>v\u00f5i -\u00f5z<\/i><\/b>. K\u00e4\u00e4namisel ilmub t\u00fcvesse -nd<\/i>, nt kimm\u00f5z <\/em>: kimm\u00f5nd <\/em>\u2019k\u00fcmnes : k\u00fcmnenda\u2019<\/mark>. Liits\u00f5nalistel p\u00f5hiarvs\u00f5nadel k\u00e4\u00e4ndub alati esimene osa, vrd v\u012b\u017etuoist\u00f5n <\/em>\u2019viisteist\u2019 : v\u012bdtuoist\u00f5n <\/em>\u2019viieteistk\u00fcmne\u2019<\/mark>. Daativis ja instruktiivis j\u00e4\u00e4b esimene osa genitiivi ja k\u00e4\u00e4ndetunnus liitub vaid viimasele osale, nt v\u012bdtuoist\u00f5n\u00f5n <\/em>\u2019viieteisk\u00fcmnendal(e)\u2019, v\u012bdtuoist\u00f5n\u00f5ks <\/em>\u2019viieteistk\u00fcmnendaks\u2019<\/mark>. Kohak\u00e4\u00e4netes k\u00e4\u00e4nduvad k\u00f5ik osad, nt k\u01ed\u2019dskimd\u00f5s irdt\u00f5ks<\/em> \u2019kahek\u00fcmnes harjutus\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Toimumisaasta n\u00e4itamiseks kasutatakse \u00fcldiselt inessiivi, kusjuures muutub vaid viimane s\u00f5na, nt Mi\u2019n van\u0101\u01dfma s\u012bndiz 8. (k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5s) septemb\u00f5rs 1921. (t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 \u012b\u2019d\u00f5kssa\u2019dd\u00f5 kak\u0161kimd\u00f5 e\u2019\u017emis) \u0101igasts<\/em> \u2019Mu vanaema s\u00fcndis 8. septembril 1921. aastal\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Lihtminevik Kindla k\u00f5neviisi lihtmineviku ehk imperfekti tunnused on peenendus, -i, \u00ad\u0161, \u00ad\u017e, \u00ad\u012bz ja \u2013iz. Lihtmineviku tunnusele liituvad isikul\u00f5pud erinevad m\u00f5neti olevikuvormides avalduvatest isikul\u00f5ppudest (vt oleviku kohta ptk 2). Lihtmineviku jaatava k\u00f5neliigi 1. ja 3. isikus avaldub \u00fcksnes lihtmineviku t\u00fcvi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2623,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions\/2623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}