{"id":4,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/62-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2024-12-30T12:00:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T10:00:49","slug":"62-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/62-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"6.2. Gramatik \/ Grammatika"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Siinses grammatikaosas on kirjeldatud k\u00e4skivat k\u00f5neviisi (lk 1), tingivat k\u00f5neviisi (lk 2) ja modaalkonstruktsioone (lk 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e4skiv k\u00f5neviis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Imperatiivi ehk k\u00e4skiva k\u00f5neviisi abil vormistatakse \u00fcldiselt k\u00e4sku, \u00fcleskutset, palvet v\u00f5i keeldu, mis on suunatud k\u00f5nelejalt \u00fchele kuulajale (ainsuse 2. isik) v\u00f5i mitmele kuulajale (mitmuse 2. isik), kuid kaasatud v\u00f5ib olla ka k\u00f5neleja (mitmuse 1. isik).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Isik<\/th>L\u00f5pp<\/th>N\u00e4ide<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Ains 2. isik (sa)<\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>R\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/strong> viz\u0101stiz ja loug\u00f5! \u2019R\u00e4\u00e4gi k\u00f5vasti ja aeglaselt!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
Mitm 1. isik (m\u0113g)<\/td>-g\u00f5m, -\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>Opp\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong> l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5! \u2019\u00d5ppigem liivi keelt!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
Mitm 2. isik (t\u0113g)<\/td>-gid, -igid<\/strong><\/td>P\u01edlaks, v\u022f\u2019dl\u00f5gid<\/strong>, ku\u0146t\u0161 m\u0113g tu\u2019lm\u00f5 kuod\u0101j! \u2019Palun oodake, kuni me tuleme koju!\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pane t\u00e4hele!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Ainsuse 2. isik<\/strong> on \u00fcldiselt l\u00f5puta<\/strong>, nt ai\u2019l<\/em> \u2019jookse\u2019, v\u022ft\u0161<\/em> \u2019otsi\u2019, n\u012b\u017e <\/em>\u2019jutusta\u2019<\/mark>. Tegus\u00f5nadel nagu m\u00f5tl\u00f5<\/em> \u2019m\u00f5elda\u2019<\/mark>ja na\u2019gr\u00f5<\/em> \u2019naerda\u2019<\/mark> kasutatakse ainsuses konsonantt\u00fcve, nt m\u00f5tt\u00f5l <\/em>\u2019m\u00f5tle\u2019<\/mark> ja al\u0101 m\u00f5tt\u00f5l <\/em>\u2019\u00e4ra m\u00f5tle\u2019<\/mark> (vrd m\u00f5tl\u00f5gid<\/em> \u2019m\u00f5elge\u2019<\/mark> ja <\/em>na\u2019gr\u00f5gid <\/em>\u2019naerge\u2019<\/mark>). T\u00e4ish\u00e4\u00e4lik on l\u00f5pus \u00fchesilbilistel vokaalt\u00fcvelistel tegus\u00f5nadel, nt v\u012b <\/em>\u2019vii\u2019<\/mark>, aga ka \u0101-\/a<\/em>-t\u00fcvelistel tegus\u00f5nadel, nt \u0101nda \u2019<\/em>anna\u2019.<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Mitmuse 1. isikus <\/strong>on k\u00e4skiva k\u00f5neviisi vormi asemel ootusp\u00e4rasem kindla k\u00f5neviisi vorm <\/strong>ilma ases\u00f5nata, nt L\u01dfm gilg\u00f5m!<\/mark><\/em> \u2019L\u00e4hme ujuma!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Mitmuse 2. isikus<\/strong> esineb kahel juhul l\u00f5pp -g\u012bd<\/strong><\/em>: s\u00e4\/g\u012bd<\/em> \u2019s\u00e4hke\u2019<\/mark> ja li\/g\u012bd <\/em>\u2019minge\u2019.<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • K\u00e4sklause t\u00e4issihitis<\/strong> on jaatavas k\u00f5neliigis genitiivis<\/strong>, nt T\u016bo s\u012be r\u01ednt\u00f5<\/strong> t\u01dfn\u00f5! \u2019<\/em>Too see raamat siia!\u2019<\/mark> <\/em>(vrd r\u01ednt\u00f5z <\/em>\u2019raamat\u2019<\/mark>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    Keeldk\u00f5ne<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
    Isik<\/th>L\u00f5pp<\/th>N\u00e4ide<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Ains 2. isik (sa)<\/td>al\u0101 + <\/strong>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>Al\u0101 r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/strong> ne\u2019i v\u0101\u2019gi\u017e ja kierd\u00f5! <\/em>\u2019\u00c4ra r\u00e4\u00e4gi nii vaikselt ja kiiresti!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
    Mitm 1. isik (m\u0113g)<\/td>a\u2019lg\u00f5m + -g\u00f5m, -\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>A\u2019lg\u00f5m<\/strong> opp\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong> set engli\u0161 k\u012beld\u00f5! \u2019\u00c4rgem \u00f5ppigem ainult inglise keelt!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
    Mitm 2. isik (t\u0113g)<\/td>a\u2019lgid + -gid, -igid<\/strong><\/td>A\u2019lgid<\/strong> t\u012begid<\/strong> ne\u2019ije\u2019n m\u00e4rr\u00f5! \u2019\u00c4rge tehke nii palju l\u00e4rmi!\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Pane t\u00e4hele!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Ainsuse 2. isikus <\/strong>erinevad \u0101-\/a-<\/em>t\u00fcvelised vormid jaatavast vormist (vrd ist\u0101<\/mark><\/em> \u2019istu\u2019 : al\u0101 ist\u00f5<\/em> \u2019\u00e4ra istu\u2019<\/mark>), nt Al\u0101 ist\u00f5<\/strong> l\u014dda p\u01dfl\u00f5, ist\u0101<\/strong> ra\u2019j p\u01dfl\u00f5!<\/em> \u2019\u00c4ra istu laua peale, istu tooli peale!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Sarnaselt jaatava k\u00f5neliigiga on ka keeldk\u00f5ne korral mitmuse 1. isikus<\/strong> ootusp\u00e4rane kindla k\u00f5neviisi kasutamine<\/strong> k\u00e4skiva k\u00f5neviisi asemel, nt A\u2019lg\u00f5m i\u2019ml\u00f5m! \u2019<\/em>\u00c4rgem imestagem!\u2019 <\/mark>(otset\u00f5lkes \u2019\u00c4rgem imestame!\u2019)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Mitmuse 2. isik<\/strong>: a\u2019lgid opp\u00f5\/gid<\/em> \u2019\u00e4rge \u00f5ppige\u2019, a\u2019lgid \u0101nda\/gid<\/em> \u2019\u00e4rge andke\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Keeldk\u00f5nes on sihitis partitiivis<\/strong>, nt Al\u0101 t\u016bo sied\u0101 r\u01ednt\u00f5zt <\/strong>t\u01dfn\u00f5! <\/em>\u2019\u00c4ra too seda raamatut siia!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Tingiv k\u00f5neviis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Konditsionaali ehk tingivat k\u00f5neviisi kasutatakse ennek\u00f5ike s\u00fcndmuse v\u00f5i seisundi irreaalsuse v\u00e4ljendamiseks. \u00dcldjuhul seostub sellega v\u00f5imalikkuse t\u00e4hendus, st esinemise t\u00f5en\u00e4osus mingis kujuteldavas situatsioonis. Tingival k\u00f5neviisil on nii oleviku kui ka mineviku aeg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tingiva k\u00f5neviisi olevik<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      Tingiva k\u00f5neviisi olevik moodustatakse tunnuste \u2013ks<\/em><\/strong> ja \u2013<\/strong>\u00f5ks<\/strong> <\/em>abil. N\u00e4ide m\u00f5ne tegus\u00f5na p\u00f6\u00f6ramisest jaatavas k\u00f5neliigis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/th>v\u0231l|da<\/strong> \u2019olla\u2019
      (I pk)<\/th>      		s\u01ed|d\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019saada\u2019
      (II pk)<\/th>      		je\u2019ll|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019elada\u2019
      (III pk)<\/th>      		lu\u2019gg|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019lugeda\u2019
      (III pk)<\/th>      		m\u00f5tl|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019m\u00f5elda\u2019
      (IV pk)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
      ma<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks<\/td>s\u01ed|ks<\/td>jel\u0101|ks<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      sa<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|t<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|t<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|t<\/td><\/tr>
      ta<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks<\/td>s\u01ed|ks<\/td>jel\u0101|ks<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      m\u0113g<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|m\u00f5<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|m\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      t\u0113g<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
      Tingviva kv oleviku jaatava k\u00f5neliigi vormid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      NB! <\/strong>III p\u00f6\u00f6rdkonda kuuluvatel \u016b- <\/em>ja \u00f5<\/em>-t\u00fcvelistel verbidel (nt lu\u2019gg\u00f5<\/em>) liitub tingiva k\u00f5neviisi tunnus tugevaastmelisele vormile (vt ka osa 2.4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Eitava k\u00f5neliigi<\/strong> ainsuse vormides esineb vaid t\u00fcvi koos konditsionaali tunnusega, mitmuse vormides lisandub isikul\u00f5pp (nagu ka jaatavas k\u00f5neliigis). P\u00f6\u00f6ramine eitavas k\u00f5neliigis verbide je\u2019ll\u00f5<\/em> \u2018elada\u2019 ja lu\u2019gg\u00f5 <\/em>\u2018lugeda\u2019 n\u00e4itel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ma <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      sa <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019d jel\u0101|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019d lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      ta <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      m\u0113g <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|m\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      t\u0113g <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4t jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4t lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      ne <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
      Tingiva kv oleviku eitava k\u00f5neliigi vormid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Olevikuvormiga v\u00e4ljendatakse seda, et s\u00fcndmus pole vaatlushetkeks veel toimunud, kuid v\u00f5ib toimuda edaspidi, nt
      Vo\u0307lks<\/strong> ni mi\u2019nn\u00f5n r\u01edz v\u022dita, ma ti\u0304eks<\/strong> v\u00f5\u0304idagstleib\u00f5, bet leib\u00f5 \u00e4\u2019b u\u0304o <\/em>\u2019Oleks mul n\u00fc\u00fcd natuke v\u00f5id, ma teeks v\u00f5ileiba, kuid leiba ei ole\u2019<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      Tingiva k\u00f5neviisi minevik<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      Tingiva k\u00f5neviisi minevik moodustatakse v\u0231lda<\/strong><\/em>-verbi tingiva k\u00f5neviisi vormi + p\u00f5hiverbi kesks\u00f5navormi <\/strong>abil. N\u00e4ide tegus\u00f5na m\u00e4ng\u00f5<\/em> \u2019m\u00e4ngida\u2019 vormidest mineviku jaatavas ja eitavas k\u00f5neliigis (vt kesk\u00f5navormide kohta ptk 8):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ma<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks <\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks<\/td>\u00a0 m\u00e4ng\u00f5n<\/td><\/tr>
      sa<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t<\/td>\u00e4\u2019d v\u022fl|ks<\/td><\/tr>
      ta<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks<\/td><\/tr>
      m\u0113g<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>\u00a0 m\u00e4ng\u00f5nd<\/td><\/tr>
      t\u0113g<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4t v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      ne<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
      Tingiva kv mineviku jaatavad ja eitavad vormid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Minevikuvormidega v\u00e4ljendatakse seda, et s\u00fcndmus j\u00e4i mingil p\u00f5hjusel toimumata, kuigi oleks v\u00f5inud toimuda, nt
      Ku sa ka v\u022flkst<\/strong> sk\u016bols\u00f5 k\u01df\u2019nd<\/strong> ja opp\u00f5n<\/strong>, si\u2019z ka si\u2019nn\u00f5n v\u022flks ne\u2019i \u012b\u2019\u017e j\u00f5v\u0101 jel\u0101mi<\/em> \u2019Kui ka sina oleksid k\u00e4inud koolis ja \u00f5ppinud, siis ka sinul oleks niisama hea elu\u2019<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Eitusevormidest j\u00e4reldub aga just vastupidine, st mingi s\u00fcndmus leidis aset, kuigi oleks v\u00f5inud j\u00e4\u00e4da ka toimumata, nt
      Lu\u2019gg\u00f5 kil ta u\u2019m m\u022fist\u00f5n, m\u00f5itiz p\u00e4p t\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5n \u00e4\u2019b v\u022flks and\u00f5n<\/strong> 1858. [t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5kssa\u2019dd\u00f5 v\u012b\u017ekimd\u00f5 k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5s] \u0101igasts b\u012bb\u00f5l<\/em> \u2019Lugeda ta k\u00fcll on m\u00f5istnud, muidu kiriku\u00f5petaja ei oleks talle andnud 1858. aasta Piiblit\u2019<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

      Modaalkonstruktsioonid<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Liivi keeles on kohustuse ja vajaduse v\u00e4ljendamiseks kasutusel erisugused konstruktsioonid. K\u00f5ige levinum on tarind, mis koosneb abiverbist v\u0231lda<\/strong><\/em> \u2019olla\u2019 + p\u00f5hitegus\u00f5nast nn debitiivivormis (-m\u00f5st<\/em><\/strong>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • Seda, kellel kohustus v\u00f5i vajadus lasub, v\u00e4ljendatakse daativiga: Mi\u2019nn\u00f5n u\u2019m a\u2019il\u00f5m\u00f5st<\/strong> kuod\u0101j<\/em> \u2019Mul tuleb koju joosta\u2019<\/mark>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Kui daativis osalist pole lauses eksplitsiitselt v\u00e4ljendatud, kasutatakse v\u0231lda<\/em>-verbi koos p\u00f5hitegus\u00f5naga v\u00f5i siis esineb ainult p\u00f5hitegus\u00f5na:K\u0113ra je\u2019dst\u00f5 \u00e4\u2019b \u016bo maksam\u00f5st<\/strong> <\/em>\u2019Kirja eest ei pea maksma<\/mark>\u2018;Ku o\u2019bb\u00f5, si\u2019z o\u2019bb\u00f5, mis s\u01df\u2019l v\u00f5ib t\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5, tu\u2019lm\u00f5st <\/strong>m\u016bp\u00f5 va\u0157\u012bm<\/em> \u2019Kui hilja, siis hilja, mis teha, homme tuleb varem tulla\u2019<\/mark>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Siinses grammatikaosas on kirjeldatud k\u00e4skivat k\u00f5neviisi (lk 1), tingivat k\u00f5neviisi (lk 2) ja modaalkonstruktsioone (lk 3). K\u00e4skiv k\u00f5neviis Imperatiivi ehk k\u00e4skiva k\u00f5neviisi abil vormistatakse \u00fcldiselt k\u00e4sku, \u00fcleskutset, palvet v\u00f5i keeldu, mis on suunatud k\u00f5nelejalt \u00fchele kuulajale (ainsuse 2. isik) v\u00f5i …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"[]"},"class_list":["post-4","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2398,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4\/revisions\/2398"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}