{"id":2504,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/izkillijid-taishaalikud\/"},"modified":"2025-02-23T08:09:20","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T06:09:20","slug":"izkillijid-taishaalikud","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/izkillijid-taishaalikud\/","title":{"rendered":"\u012a\u2019\u017ekillijid \/ Vowels"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"height:21px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Livonian has 8 vowels, which can be short or long: <strong>a \u00e4 e i o \u022f \u00f5 u<\/strong>. Length is marked with a horizontal line over the letter. Eastern Livonian \u2013 on which the standard language is based \u2013 distinguishes mid-high <strong>o\u0304<\/strong> and low <strong>\u01ed<\/strong> (there is no short version of <strong>\u01ed<\/strong>). The table below shows the vowels according to tongue position in the mouth: high, mid-high, and low. which can be pronounced in the front or back of the mouth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table alignleft has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"table table-hover\"><thead><tr><th>Tongue position<\/th><th>Front<\/th><th>Back<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>High<\/td><td><strong>i<\/strong> <em>kil\u0101 <\/em>\u2019village\u2019<br><strong>\u012b<\/strong> <em>s\u012blma <\/em>\u2019eye\u2019<\/td><td><strong>\u00f5<\/strong> <em>s\u00f5br\u0101 <\/em>\u2019friend\u2019 <strong>u<\/strong> <em>suk\u0101 <\/em>\u2019sock\u2019<br><strong>\u022d<\/strong> <em>v\u022dr\u00f5z <\/em>\u2019foreign\u2019 <strong>\u016b<\/strong> <em>s\u016b <\/em>\u2019mouth\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mid-high<\/td><td><strong>e<\/strong> <em>dek <\/em>\u2019blanket\u2019<br><strong>\u0113<\/strong> <em>t\u0113ri\u0146t\u0161<\/em> \u2019hello\u2019<\/td><td><strong>\u022f<\/strong> <em>v\u022f\u0146<\/em> \u2019luck, fortune\u2019 <strong>o<\/strong> <em>sov\u0101<\/em> \u2019walking stick\u2019<br><strong>\u0231<\/strong> <em>v\u0231lda<\/em> \u2019to be\u2019 <strong>\u014d<\/strong> <em>ko\u0304v\u00f5d<\/em> \u2019wells\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Low<\/td><td><strong>\u00e4<\/strong> <em>k\u00e4b\u0101 <\/em>\u2019pine cone\u2019<br><strong>\u01df<\/strong> <em>p\u01dfva <\/em>\u2019day\u2019<\/td><td><strong>a<\/strong> <em>kal\u0101 <\/em>\u2019fish\u2019 <strong>\u01ed<\/strong> <em>m\u01ed <\/em>\u2019earth, land\u2019, <em>r\u01ednt\u00f5z<\/em> \u2019book\u2019<br><strong>\u0101 <\/strong><em>r\u0101nda <\/em>\u2019shore\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:16px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Listen to P\u0113t\u00f5r Damberg read the vowels below:\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio alignleft\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/649\/ptk_1_vokaalid.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:17px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><strong>i e \u00e4 \u00f5 \u022f u o a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Low <strong>\u01ed<\/strong>, e.g., in the word <em>m\u01ed <\/em>\u2019earth, land\u2019, often is replaced by <strong>a\u0304<\/strong> in Western and Central Livonian, e.g., <em>ma\u0304 <\/em>\u2019earth, land\u2019. High <strong>o\u0304<\/strong>, on the other hand, occurs in all Livonian dialects and alternates with the diphthong <strong>ou<\/strong>, e.g., <em>kouv<\/em> \u2019well\u2019 : <em>ko\u0304v\u00f5d <\/em>\u2019wells\u2019, <em>t\u014dvaz <\/em>\u2019sky; storm\u2019 : <em>touv\u00f5d <\/em>\u2019skies; storms\u2019. The standard spelling does not distinguish between the two <strong>o<\/strong>-sounds, but dictionaries and learning materials usually do make this distinction, which is why this is also done in this textbook (e.g., <em>l\u014dda <\/em>\u2019table\u2019, but <em>t\u01edla <\/em>\u2019table\u2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All of the vowels given in the table can occur in the first syllable. By contrast, generally only <strong>a i u<\/strong> <strong>\u00f5<\/strong> occur in non-initial syllables, e.g., <em>v\u0231lda <\/em>\u2019to be\u2019, <em>ka\u021bki<\/em> \u2019broken\u2019, <em>t\u00f5ur\u00f5z <\/em>\u2019dear, expensive\u2019. Foreign borrowings are an exception, e.g., <em>fot\u014d <\/em>\u2019photo\u2019. Of the long vowels, <strong>\u0101 \u0113 \u012b<\/strong> <strong>\u016b<\/strong> are possible in non-initial syllables, e.g., <em>sid\u0101m <\/em>\u2019heart\u2019, <em>ku\u0157\u0113 <\/em>\u2019devil\u2019, <em>kad\u012bz <\/em>\u2019lost\u2019, <em>j\u00e4n\u016b <\/em>\u2019thirst\u2019; length is also marked on these vowels with a horizontal line above the letter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The vowel <strong>\u00f5<\/strong> occurs in all Southern Finnic languages, i.e., North Estonian, South Estonian, Votic, and Livonian. Livonian distinguishes two varieties of the vowel <strong>\u00f5<\/strong>. The vowel written as <strong>\u00f5<\/strong> is pronounced slightly higher than Estonian <strong>\u00f5<\/strong>. The vowel <strong>\u022f<\/strong>, by contrast, is pronounced slightly lower than Estonian <strong>\u00f5<\/strong> and occurs only word-initially after the consonants <strong>p m<\/strong> <strong>v<\/strong>, e.g., <em>p\u022fis <\/em>\u2019boy\u2019, <em>m\u022fiz\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019manor\u2019, <em>v\u022fig\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to swim\u2019, <em>v\u0231lda <\/em>\u2019to be\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earlier, the vowels <strong>\u00f6<\/strong> and <strong>\u00fc<\/strong> occurred in native Livonian words, which today have been replaced by <strong>e<\/strong> and <strong>i<\/strong>. For example, in late 19th century and 20th century notes the word \u2018sacred, holy\u2019 occurs as <em>p\u00fcva<\/em>\/<em>pyva<\/em>, though later it is recorded as <em>piv\u0101<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read about polyphthongs on the next page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:17px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Livonian is rich in <strong>polyphthongs<\/strong>. These include:<br>a) diphthongs, e.g., <em>kierd\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019quickly\u2019, <em>k\u012berd\u00f5t<\/em> \u2019twisted\u2019, <em>tier\u0101 <\/em>\u2019grain\u2019, <em>luini <\/em>\u2019bony\u2019, <em>t\u00e4u\u017e <\/em>\u2019full\u2019, <em>t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019thousand\u2019, <em>laig\u0101 <\/em>\u2019wide\u2019;<br>b) triphthongs, e.g., <em>kieu\u017e <\/em>\u2019rope\u2019, <em>tieud\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to know\u2019, <em>ruoik\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to hurry\u2019, <em>suoim\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to curse\u2019, <em>s\u016boim\u00f5b<\/em> \u2019(s\/he) curses\u2019, <em>kuoig\u012bd <\/em>\u2019ships\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the examples show, both types of polyphthongs can have a long or short first component, cf., e.g., <strong>ie <\/strong>in <em>kierd\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019quickly\u2019 and <strong>\u012be<\/strong> in <em>k\u012berd\u00f5t <\/em>\u2019twisted\u2019, <strong>uoi <\/strong>in <em>suoim\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to curse\u2019 and <strong>\u016boi <\/strong>in <em>s\u016boim\u00f5b <\/em>\u2019(s\/he) curses\u2019. The final component can also be long. For example, if there is a short vowel in the second syllable, then <strong>i<\/strong> and <strong>u<\/strong> are long in diphthongs like <strong>ai ei ui ou \u00f5u<\/strong> etc. Note: In such cases vowel length is not marked with a horizontal line in spelling, e.g., <em>aig\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to measure\u2019, <em>t\u00f5ur\u00f5z <\/em>\u2019dear, expensive\u2019. However, if there is a long vowel in the second syllable, then a polyphthong in the first syllable is short, e.g., <em>liest\u0101d <\/em>\u2019flounders\u2019, <em>joug\u016bd <\/em>\u2019rivers\u2019. In pronunciation, diphthongs can also be formed with vocalized <strong>j<\/strong> and <strong>v<\/strong>, which, in such cases, are pronounced like <strong>i <\/strong>and <strong>u<\/strong>, e.g., <em>k\u01edj <\/em>\u2019spoon\u2019, <em>s\u00e4\u2019v <\/em>\u2019clay\u2019, <em>pi\u2019v\u1e11i <\/em>\u2019holiday, festival\u2019.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Livonian has 8 vowels, which can be short or long: a \u00e4 e i o \u022f \u00f5 u. Length is marked with a horizontal line over the letter. Eastern Livonian \u2013 on which the standard language is based \u2013 distinguishes &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2504","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2504","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2504"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2504\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2574,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2504\/revisions\/2574"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2504"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}