{"id":2013,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/82-gramatik-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2024-12-29T10:47:19","modified_gmt":"2024-12-29T08:47:19","slug":"82-gramatik-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/82-gramatik-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"8.2. Gramatik \/ Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This grammar section gives an overview of participles (page 1), the passive and impersonal (page 2), and converb constructions (page 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Participles<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Participles are verb forms that share features with adjectives, e.g., cf. a\u013c\u013c\u00f5d p\u016bl\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5d<\/em> \u2019green leaves\u2019<\/mark> and m\u01ed\u2019z\u00f5 sa\u2019dd\u00f5nd p\u016bl\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5d<\/em> \u2019fallen leaves\u2019<\/mark>, where sa\u2019dd\u00f5nd<\/em> \u2018fallen\u2019 <\/mark>is a participle.. Participles found in Livonian can be classified according to voice, tense, and number. Thus, for the verb sa\u2019dd\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to fall\u2019<\/mark>, the -nd<\/em> indicates active voice, a completed event, and the plural (cf. singular: m\u01ed\u2019z\u00f5 sa\u2019dd\u00f5n p\u016bl\u0113\u2019\u1e11<\/em> \u2019fallen leaf\u2019<\/mark>). The table shows the different participle forms using the verbs a\u2019il\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to run\u2019<\/mark> and nutt\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to call\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Voice<\/strong><\/td>Tense<\/strong><\/td>Singular<\/strong><\/td>Example<\/strong><\/td>Plural<\/strong><\/td>Example<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
active<\/td>present<\/td>(-b, -b\u00f5, -\u00f5b)<\/strong>
-iji, -ji, -i<\/strong> \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>		a\u2019iliji<\/strong> \u2019running\u2019
nut\u0101ji<\/strong> \u2018calling\u2019 \u00a0<\/td>		(-b\u00f5d, -\u00f5b\u00f5d)<\/strong>
-ijid, -jid, -id<\/strong><\/td>		a\u2019ilijid<\/strong> \u2019running\u2019
nut\u0101jid<\/strong> \u2018calling\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
passive<\/td>-d\u00f5b, -t\u00f5d,<\/strong> -\u00f5b<\/strong><\/td>a\u2019ild\u00f5b<\/strong> \u2018(being) run\u2019
nutt\u00f5b<\/strong> \u2018(being) called\u2019<\/td>		-d\u00f5b\u00f5d, -t\u00f5b\u00f5d,<\/strong>
-\u00f5b\u00f5d<\/strong><\/td>		a\u2019ild\u00f5b\u00f5d<\/strong> \u2018(being) run\u2019
nutt\u00f5b\u00f5d<\/strong> \u2018(being) called\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
active<\/td>past<\/td>-n, -\u00f5n,<\/strong> -nd<\/strong><\/td>a\u2019il\u00f5n<\/strong> \u2018run\u2019
nutt\u00f5n<\/strong> \u2018called\u2019<\/td>		-nd, -\u00f5nd,<\/strong> -n\u00f5d<\/strong><\/td>a\u2019il\u00f5nd<\/strong> \u2018run\u2019
nutt\u00f5nd<\/strong> \u2018called\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
passive<\/td>-d\u00f5d, -t\u00f5d, -\u00f5d<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 a\u2019ild\u00f5d <\/strong>\u2018run\u2019
nutt\u00f5d <\/strong>\u2018called\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Livonian participles<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Present tense participles<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Active present participles<\/strong> are rarely used (which is why they appear in parentheses in the table above), because they coincide with the 3rd person indicative forms, e.g., jel\u0101b<\/mark> <\/em>means \u2019(s\/he) lives\u2019 (also \u2019(I) live\u2019) as well as \u2019living\u2019<\/mark>. Although jel\u0101b<\/em><\/strong> ri\u0161t\u012bng<\/em> \u2019a living person\u2019<\/mark> is in principle possible, an active present participle based on an agent noun is more expected, e.g., va laig\u0101ld jel\u0101ji <\/strong>ri\u0161t\u012bng<\/em> \u2019quite a broadly living person\u2019 <\/mark>(see also Section 7.3). Number agreement depends on the word, e.g., \u022d<\/em>gijizt sid\u016bd<\/em> \u2019blazing coals\u2019<\/mark>, cf. lu\u2019ggiji lapst<\/em> \u2019confirmees, confirmands\u2019 (literal translation: \u2019reading children\u2019)<\/mark>. This means that in many cases these participles are being used as adjectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Passive present participles<\/strong> are used to form one of the modal constructions expressing obligation, e.g., Si\u2019nn\u00f5n um s\u012bed\u00f5b<\/strong> se l\u0113ba<\/em> \u2019You have to eat the bread\u2019<\/mark> (see Section 6.3 for the other main modal construction). However, they occur in more than just modal uses, e.g., T<\/em>\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5n v\u022f\u2019\u013c n\u012b\u2019em\u00f5 m\u012bd\u00f5b<\/strong><\/em> \u2019He had a cow to sell\u2019.<\/mark> The construction can also express purpose, e.g., T<\/em>a v\u022f\u2019\u013c s\u01edt\u00f5d R\u012bg\u00f5 le\u2019bb\u00f5 <\/em>va\u0146t\u00f5lt\u00f5b<\/em><\/strong> \u2019He was sent to R\u012bga for examination\u2019<\/mark>. Likewise, there are also examples of instrumental forms, e.g., Se a\u017e\u0101 s\u01edb tieudt\u00f5b\u00f5ks<\/strong> <\/em>\u2019This thing is becoming known\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Passive present participles also occur in various compounds either as the head word or as a complement, e.g., k\u00e4\u2019dak\u0101t\u00f5b<\/strong><\/em> \u2019handle\u2019, s\u012bed\u00f5b<\/em><\/strong>a\u017e\u0101<\/em> \u2019foodstuff\u2019, suoimd\u00f5b<\/em><\/strong>s\u00f5n\u0101 <\/em>\u2019curse word\u2019<\/mark>. Often the purpose is also reflected either directly or indirectly from the compound word, e.g., sul\u0101t\u00f5b <\/em><\/strong>r\u012bst<\/em> \u2019melting dish\u2019<\/mark> (or a dish for melting). When expressing purpose, the present passive participle can appear with the postpositionpier\u0101st<\/em> <\/strong>\u2018for\u2019<\/mark>, e.g.,Kuo\u0163\u012bdn\u00f5\u2019gg\u00f5l v\u022f\u2019\u013c kuo\u0163\u012bd paikt\u00f5b<\/strong> pier\u0101st<\/strong><\/em> \u2019The packing needle was for mending sacks\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Past tense participles<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Active past participles<\/strong> are used as the main verb in compound past tense forms<\/strong>, e.g., M\u0113g \u016bom\u00f5 s\u012ben\u00f5d<\/strong> \/ \u00e4\u2019b \u016bom\u00f5<\/strong> s\u012ben\u00f5d<\/strong> l\u022dinagi\u017ei<\/em> \u2019We have \/ have not eaten lunch\u2019 <\/mark>(past perfect), T<\/em>a v\u022f\u2019\u013c \/<\/strong> i\u2019z \u016bo k\u01dfnd<\/strong> sk\u016bols\u00f5<\/em>\u2019 \u2019S\/he had \/ had not gone to school\u2019<\/mark> (pluperfect), but also in compound future tense forms, e.g., Si\u2019z ta l\u012bb \/ \u00e4\u2019b l\u012b lopt\u00f5n<\/strong> i\u013c\u012bzsk\u016bol<\/em> \u2019Then he will have \/ will not have finished university\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is typical for active past participles to function as predicative adverbials, characterizing the subject, e.g., M\u0113g jel\u0101m la\u2019gg\u00f5nd<\/strong><\/em> \u2019We live apart (= separated)\u2019<\/mark>. Thus, participles are not always connected to the verb \u2018to be\u2019. There are also instrumental forms, e.g., Se a\u017e\u0101 \u012beb ka\u2019dd\u00f5n\u00f5ks<\/strong><\/em> \u2019This thing is lost\u2019.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The active past participle also appears as a complement and agrees in number, e.g., jar\u0101 kuij\u00f5n <\/strong>k\u00e4b\u0101 :<\/em> jar\u0101 kuij\u00f5nd<\/strong> k\u00e4b\u0101d<\/em> \u2019dried out hoof : dried out hooves\u2019<\/mark>. Some participles have become adjectives, e.g., j\u016bob\u00f5n <\/em><\/strong> \u2018drunk\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Passive past participles<\/strong> are used to form passive constructions (see the next page for more details).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Passives and impersonals<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Livonian does not have the synthetic impersonal form typical of the Finnic languages (cf., e.g., Estonian tehakse : tehti<\/em>, minnakse : mindi<\/em>, etc.). Instead, a construction consisting of the auxiliary<\/strong> verb v\u0231lda<\/em> \u2019to be\u2019, s\u01edd\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to get\u2019, or l\u012bd\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to be (in the future)\u2019<\/mark> and the passive past participle of the main verb<\/strong> is used. The temporal meaning depends on the tense of the auxiliary verb as well as on the broader context. In the past tense, the auxiliary verb is in the past tense, e.g., Ta sai <\/strong>freilen\u00f5ks nutt\u00f5d<\/strong><\/em> \u2019She got called a miss\u2019, T\u00e4\u2019m leja v\u022f\u2019\u013c <\/strong>\u01ed\u2019v\u00f5d\u00f5ks katt\u00f5d<\/strong><\/em> \u2019Her flesh was covered with sores\u2019<\/mark>, in the present or future tense, it is in the present tense (the interpretation also depends on the context), e.g., Ne s\u01edb\u00f5d <\/strong>ib\u016bkst\u00f5ks nutt\u00f5d<\/strong> <\/em>\u2019They are called hair\u2019, Se t\u012be s\u01edb<\/strong><\/em> t\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5d <\/em><\/strong>\u2019This work will get done\u2019.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Good to know.<\/strong> It is characteristic of the aforementioned constructions for the agent to be removed from subject position. Expressing the agent as some other part of the sentence, however, is not generally expected in Livonian. Only in rare cases is the agent expressed with the elative or a postpositional phrase, e.g., Ne v\u022f\u2019\u013ct\u00f5 br\u016bdgan\u0101st<\/strong> kutst\u00f5d.<\/em> \u2019They were invited by the groom\u2019,T\u00e4m\u0101 s\u01edb k\u0113nig k\u00e4\u2019dst <\/strong>jar\u0101 tapt\u00f5d.<\/em> \u2019He was killed by the king\u2019. <\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the subject is omitted, the 3rd person singular or plural verb form can be understood as an impersonal<\/strong>, e.g., viet\u0101 k\u0101ndiz<\/strong><\/em> \u2019(one) carried water\u2019<\/mark>, B\u016bo\u1e11 t\u012beb <\/strong>v\u0101ldi\u0146 \u016bd n\u00e4d\u012b\u013c <\/em>\u2019(One) will open the shop next week\u2019. <\/mark>Compound past tense forms can also be understood as impersonals, e.g., Ik\u0161k\u00f5rd \u0101t\u00f5 l\u01df\u2019n\u00f5d<\/strong> lapst\u0101 ri\u0161t\u00f5m <\/em>\u2019(They) once had gone to baptize a child\u2019<\/mark>. In such instances, it is common for the object to retain its case (cf. viet\u0101 k\u0101ndiz<\/em> \u2019(one) carried water\u2019 and ta k\u0101ndiz viet\u0101<\/em> \u2019s\/he carried water\u2019<\/mark>). By contrast, in the passive constructions described above, it is certainly possible for the object to retain its case, but it is more common for the object of an active clause to become the subject of a passive clause (X nut\u012bz t\u01dfnda freilen\u00f5ks \u2018<\/mark><\/em>X called her a miss\u2019 <\/mark>> Ta sai freilen\u00f5ks nutt\u00f5d<\/mark><\/em> \u2018She got called a miss\u2019<\/mark>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Converb constructions<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The converb in Livonian is marked with -ds\u00f5<\/em><\/strong>, -\u00f5s<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> Generally, this form expresses adverbial relationships, adding temporal or manner meanings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Examples of temporal meanings: Ta lieud\u00f5n<\/em> sk\u016bolst\u00f5 tulds\u00f5<\/strong>\u2026 <\/em>\u2019S\/he found (it) coming from school\u2026\u2019, L\u01df\u2019ds\u00f5<\/em><\/strong> ta n\u01dfnd\u2026 <\/em>\u2019As he was going, he saw\u2026\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • An example of a manner meaning: Ta lek\u0161 ja\u013cgi vie\u2019dd\u00f5s<\/strong> jem\u0101n tagan<\/em> \u2019He followed his mother dragging his feet<\/mark>\u2018<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    The events described usually occur simultaneously, though the event expressed by the converb construction can also immediately precede the other event, e.g., Sied\u0101 k\u016bl\u00f5s<\/strong> \u012brgis l\u00e4p\u0161 utt\u00f5<\/em> \u2019Hearing it, the child began to cry.\u2019<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The negative counterparts of converb constructions are supine abessive forms (-m\u00f5t<\/strong><\/em>), which can occur with the negative word ilm\u00f5<\/em> \u2018without\u2019<\/mark>(or the word b\u00e4s<\/mark><\/em>, which borrowed from the Latvian word bez<\/em>, which has the same meaning), e.g., Ve\u2019l k\u014dgi\u0146 van\u0101m\u012bez va\u0146\u021b\u013c\u00f5n, ilm\u00f5<\/strong> s\u012blmad p\u012bltam\u00f5t<\/strong>, mie\u2019rjem\u0101n tagan<\/em> <\/strong>\u2019For a long time yet, the old man looked, without blinking his eyes, after Sea Mother\u2019.<\/mark><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    This grammar section gives an overview of participles (page 1), the passive and impersonal (page 2), and converb constructions (page 3). Participles Participles are verb forms that share features with adjectives, e.g., cf. a\u013c\u013c\u00f5d p\u016bl\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5d \u2019green leaves\u2019 and m\u01ed\u2019z\u00f5 sa\u2019dd\u00f5nd …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2013","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2013","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2013"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2013\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2297,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2013\/revisions\/2297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2013"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}