{"id":1997,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/62-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2024-12-30T12:02:02","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T10:02:02","slug":"62-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/62-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"6.2. Gramatik \/ Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

This grammar section describes the imperative mood (page 1), the conditional mood (page 2), and modal constructions (page 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imperative mood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The imperative is generally used for commands, appeals, requests, or prohibitions, which are directed from the speaker to one listener (2nd person singular) or several listeners (2nd person plural), though the speaker (1st person plural) can also be involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Person<\/th>Ending<\/th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Sg 2nd prs (sa)<\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>R\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/strong> viz\u0101stiz ja loug\u00f5! \u2019Speak firmly and slowly!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
Pl 1st prs (m\u0113g)<\/td>-g\u00f5m, -\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>Opp\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong> l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5! \u2019Let\u2019s learn Livonian!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
Pl 2nd prs (t\u0113g)<\/td>-gid, -igid<\/strong><\/td>P\u01edlaks, v\u022f\u2019dl\u00f5gid<\/strong>, ku\u0146t\u0161 m\u0113g tu\u2019lm\u00f5 kuod\u0101j! \u2019Please wait until we come home!\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Note!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • The 2nd person singular<\/strong> generally has no ending<\/strong>, e.g., ai\u2019l<\/em> \u2019run\u2019, v\u022ft\u0161<\/em> \u2019look, search\u2019, n\u012b\u017e <\/em>\u2019tell\u2019<\/mark>. Verbs like m\u00f5tl\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to think\u2019<\/mark>and na\u2019gr\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to laugh\u2019<\/mark> have consonant stems in the singular, e.g., m\u00f5tt\u00f5l <\/em>\u2019think\u2019<\/mark> and al\u0101 m\u00f5tt\u00f5l <\/em>\u2019don\u2019t think\u2019<\/mark> (cf. m\u00f5tl\u00f5gid<\/em> \u2019think (pl)\u2019<\/mark> and <\/em>na\u2019gr\u00f5gid <\/em>\u2019laugh (pl)\u2019<\/mark>). Monosyllabic verbs with vowel-final stems end in a vowel, e.g., v\u012b <\/em>\u2019take\u2019<\/mark>, but also verbs with an \u0101-\/a<\/em>-stem, e.g., \u0101nda \u2019<\/em>give\u2019.<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • In the 1st person plural<\/strong>, the expected indicative form<\/strong> is used without a pronoun, e.g., L\u01dfm gilg\u00f5m!<\/mark><\/em> \u2019Let\u2019s go swimming!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • In the 2nd person plural<\/strong>, the ending -g\u012bd<\/strong><\/em> is used in two cases: s\u00e4\/g\u012bd<\/em> \u2019here\u2019<\/mark> ja li\/g\u012bd <\/em>\u2019go\u2019.<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • In the affirmative, the total object<\/strong> of the imperative is in the genitive<\/strong>, e.g., T\u016bo s\u012be r\u01ednt\u00f5<\/strong> t\u01dfn\u00f5! <\/em>\u2019Bring the book here!\u2019<\/mark> <\/em>(cf. r\u01ednt\u00f5z <\/em>\u2019book\u2019<\/mark>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    Negative<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
    Person<\/th>Ending<\/th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    Sg 2nd prs (sa)<\/td>al\u0101 + <\/strong>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>Al\u0101 r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/strong> ne\u2019i v\u0101\u2019gi\u017e ja kierd\u00f5! <\/em>\u2019Don\u2019t speak so quietly and quickly!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
    Pl 1st prs (m\u0113g)<\/td>a\u2019lg\u00f5m + -g\u00f5m, -\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>A\u2019lg\u00f5m<\/strong> opp\u00f5g\u00f5m<\/strong> set engli\u0161 k\u012beld\u00f5! \u2019Let\u2019s not learn only English!\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
    Pl 2nd prs (t\u0113g)<\/td>a\u2019lgid + -gid, -igid<\/strong><\/td>A\u2019lgid<\/strong> t\u012begid<\/strong> ne\u2019ije\u2019n m\u00e4rr\u00f5! \u2019Don\u2019t make so much noise!\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Note!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • In the 2nd person singular<\/strong>, \u0101-\/a-<\/em>stem forms are different from the corresponding affirmative forms (cf. ist\u0101<\/mark><\/em> \u2019sit\u2019 : al\u0101 ist\u00f5<\/em> \u2019don\u2019t sit\u2019<\/mark>), e.g., Al\u0101 ist\u00f5<\/strong> l\u014dda p\u01dfl\u00f5, ist\u0101<\/strong> ra\u2019j p\u01dfl\u00f5!<\/em> \u2019Don\u2019t sit on the table, sit on the chair!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Like in the affirmative, the expected indicative form is used for the 1st person plural <\/strong>also in the negative, e.g., A\u2019lg\u00f5m i\u2019ml\u00f5m! <\/em>\u2019Let\u2019s not be surprised!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • 2nd person plural<\/strong>: a\u2019lgid opp\u00f5\/gid<\/em> \u2019don\u2019t learn\u2019, a\u2019lgid \u0101nda\/gid<\/em> \u2019don\u2019t give\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • In the negative, the object is in the partitive<\/strong>, e.g., Al\u0101 t\u016bo sied\u0101 r\u01ednt\u00f5zt <\/strong>t\u01dfn\u00f5! <\/em>\u2019Don\u2019t bring the book here!\u2019<\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Conditional mood<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Konditsionaali ehk tingivat k\u00f5neviisi kasutatakse ennek\u00f5ike s\u00fcndmuse v\u00f5i seisundi irreaalsuse v\u00e4ljendamiseks. \u00dcldjuhul seostub sellega v\u00f5imalikkuse t\u00e4hendus, st esinemise t\u00f5en\u00e4osus mingis kujuteldavas situatsioonis. Tingival k\u00f5neviisil on nii oleviku kui ka mineviku aeg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Present tense conditional<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      The present tense conditional is formed with the ending \u2013ks<\/em><\/strong> or \u2013<\/strong>\u00f5ks<\/strong><\/em>. Here are a few examples of verbs conjugated in the affirmative<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/th>v\u0231l|da<\/strong> \u2019to be\u2019
      (Group 1)<\/th>      		s\u01ed|d\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to get\u2019
      (Group 2)<\/th>      		je\u2019ll|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to live\u2019
      (Group 3)<\/th>      		lu\u2019gg|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to read\u2019
      (Group 3)<\/th>      		m\u00f5tl|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to think\u2019
      (Group 4)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
      ma<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks<\/td>s\u01ed|ks<\/td>jel\u0101|ks<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      sa<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|t<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|t<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|t<\/td><\/tr>
      ta<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks<\/td>s\u01ed|ks<\/td>jel\u0101|ks<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      m\u0113g<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|m\u00f5<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|m\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      t\u0113g<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      ne<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>s\u01ed|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
      Present tense conditional affirmative forms<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Note! <\/strong>\u016b- <\/em>and \u00f5<\/em>-stem verbs (nt lu\u2019gg\u00f5<\/em>) belonging to Group 3 attach the conditional ending to the strong grade form (see also Section 2.4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      In negative<\/strong> singular forms, only the conditional ending is attached to the stem, while in plural forms a personal ending is also added (just like in the affirmative). Negative forms of the verbs je\u2019ll\u00f5<\/em> \u2018to live\u2019 and lu\u2019gg\u00f5 <\/em>\u2018to read\u2019 are given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ma <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      sa <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019d jel\u0101|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019d lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      ta <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
      m\u0113g <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|m\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      t\u0113g <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4t jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4t lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      ne <\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b jel\u0101|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b lu\u2019gg|\u00f5ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
      Present tense conditional negative forms<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Present tense forms describe events, which have not yet occurred at the time of observation, but may occur in the future, e.g.,
      Vo\u0307lks<\/strong> ni mi\u2019nn\u00f5n r\u01edz v\u022dita, ma ti\u0304eks<\/strong> v\u00f5\u0304idagstleib\u00f5, bet leib\u00f5 \u00e4\u2019b u\u0304o <\/em>\u2019If I had a bit of butter, I would make a sandwich, but I don\u2019t have any bread\u2019<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/div>\n\n\n\n
      Past tense conditional<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

      The past tense conditional is formed using the conditional form of the verb v\u0231lda<\/strong><\/em> + the participle form of the main verb<\/strong>. The affirmative and negative past tense forms of the verb m\u00e4ng\u00f5<\/em> \u2019m\u00e4ngida\u2019 are given below (see Unit 8 about participles):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ma<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks <\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks<\/td>\u00a0 m\u00e4ng\u00f5n<\/td><\/tr>
      sa<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t<\/td>\u00e4\u2019d v\u022fl|ks<\/td><\/tr>
      ta<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks<\/td><\/tr>
      m\u0113g<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks|m\u00f5<\/td>\u00a0 m\u00e4ng\u00f5nd<\/td><\/tr>
      t\u0113g<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4t v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr>
      ne<\/strong><\/td>v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b v\u022fl|ks|t\u00f5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
      Past tense conditional affirmative and negative forms<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      <\/div>\n\n\n\n

      Past tense forms describe events, which did not happen for some reason, but could have happened, e.g.,
      Ku sa ka v\u022flkst<\/strong> sk\u016bols\u00f5 k\u01df\u2019nd<\/strong> ja opp\u00f5n<\/strong>, si\u2019z ka si\u2019nn\u00f5n v\u022flks ne\u2019i \u012b\u2019\u017e j\u00f5v\u0101 jel\u0101mi<\/em> \u2019If you had gone to school and studied, then you also would have just as good of a life\u2019<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Negative forms, however, imply the opposite, i.e., an event took place, even though it could have also not happened, e.g.,Lu\u2019gg\u00f5 kil ta u\u2019m m\u022fist\u00f5n, m\u00f5itiz p\u00e4p t\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5n \u00e4\u2019b v\u022flks and\u00f5n<\/strong> 1858. [t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5kssa\u2019dd\u00f5 v\u012b\u017ekimd\u00f5 k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5s] \u0101igasts b\u012bb\u00f5l<\/em> \u2019He certainly knows how to read, otherwise the pastor would not have given him the 1858 Bible\u2019.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

      Modal constructions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Livonian uses various constructions to express obligation and need. The most common of these is the construction consisting of the auxiliary verb v\u0231lda<\/strong><\/em> \u2019to be\u2019 + the main verb \u2013 the so-called debitive form (-m\u00f5st<\/em><\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • The one on whom the obligation or need falls is marked with the dative case.: Mi\u2019nn\u00f5n u\u2019m a\u2019il\u00f5m\u00f5st<\/strong> kuod\u0101j<\/em> \u2019I have to run home\u2019<\/mark>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • If the dative argument is not explicitly given in the sentence, then the main verb can be used just with the verb v\u0231lda<\/em> or by itself without the auxiliary verb: \u0113ra je\u2019dst\u00f5 \u00e4\u2019b \u016bo maksam\u00f5st<\/strong> <\/em>\u2019<\/mark>You don\u2019t have to pay for the book\u2019;Ku o\u2019bb\u00f5, si\u2019z o\u2019bb\u00f5, mis s\u01df\u2019l v\u00f5ib t\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5, tu\u2019lm\u00f5st <\/strong>m\u016bp\u00f5 va\u0157\u012bm<\/em> \u2019If it\u2019s late, then it\u2019s late, what can I do, tomorrow I have to come earlier\u2019<\/mark>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        This grammar section describes the imperative mood (page 1), the conditional mood (page 2), and modal constructions (page 3). Imperative mood The imperative is generally used for commands, appeals, requests, or prohibitions, which are directed from the speaker to one …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":"[]"},"class_list":["post-1997","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1997","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1997"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1997\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2399,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1997\/revisions\/2399"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1997"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}