{"id":1896,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/42-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2024-12-28T21:46:07","modified_gmt":"2024-12-28T19:46:07","slug":"42-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/42-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"4.2. Gramatik \/ Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The grammar section in this unit is divided into four pages. First, there is an overview of the dative case (page 1), then the partitive case (page 2), local cases, local adverbs, and postpositions (page 3), and finally comparative and superlative forms of adjectives (page 4),<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dative<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>In Livonian, the dative is used for<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>recipients<\/strong>, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">\u0100nda k\u0113ra<strong> tid\u0101r\u00f5n<\/strong><\/mark><\/em> \u2019Give the letter to the daughter\u2019<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>possessors<\/strong>, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><strong>Mi\u2019nn\u00f5n<\/strong> v\u022f\u2019\u013c r\u01ednt\u00f5z<\/mark><\/em> \u2019I had a book\u2019<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>experiencers<\/strong>, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><strong>N\u00e4nt\u00f5n<\/strong> u\u2019m k\u012blma<\/mark><\/em> \u2019They are chilly\u2019<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rarely also <strong>losers<\/strong><em>,<\/em> e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">V\u022f\u2019\u013c ne\u2019i ku alz mingi t\u01ed\u2019ks n\u00e4nt <strong>t\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5n <\/strong>jar\u0101 v\u00f5tt\u00f5<\/mark><\/em> \u2019It was as if someone wanted to take them away from him\u2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The dative is also used to mark <strong>part-whole relationships<\/strong>, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><strong>R\u01ednt\u00f5n<\/strong> \u0101t\u00f5 pu\u2019nnizt k\u01ednd\u00f5d<\/mark><\/em> \u2019The book has red covers\u2019, and to show <strong>belonging<\/strong>, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">Se m\u01ed u\u2019m <strong>m\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n<\/strong><\/mark><\/em> \u2019This land is ours\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dative also occurs in <strong>modal constructions<\/strong> showing obligation and identify who is responsible for the obligation, e.g.,<em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><strong>Lapst\u00f5n<\/strong> u\u2019m opp\u00f5m\u00f5st<\/mark><\/em> \u2019Children have to study\u2019.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dative ending is<em> <strong>-n<\/strong><\/em> or <strong><em>-\u00f5n<\/em><\/strong> in the singular, the choice of which depends on the stem\u2019s final sound, e.g.,<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"> <em>tid\u0101r : tid\u0101r\u00f5n<\/em><\/mark> \u2019daughter (nom, gen) : daughter (dat)\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">s\u00f5br\u0101 : s\u00f5br\u0101n<\/mark><\/em> \u2019friend (nom, gen) : friend (dat)\u2019. Generally, the base form of the dative is the genitive. When forming the plural dative, the dative ending is added to the plural genitive form, which usually is the same as the plural nominative form, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">suod\u0101d : suod\u0101d\u00f5n<\/mark><\/em> \u2019wars (nom, gen) : wars (dat)\u2019, <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><em>lapst : lapst\u00f5n<\/em><\/mark> \u2019children (nom, gen) : children (dat)\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">pu\u2019nnizt : pu\u2019nnizt\u00f5n<\/mark><\/em> \u2019red (pl nom, pl gen) : red (pl dat)\u2019. <em><strong>-dd\u00f5n<\/strong><\/em> is the plural ending for personal pronouns <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">m\u0113g : m\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n<\/mark><\/em> \u2019we (nom) : we (dat)\u2019 ja <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><em>t\u0113g : t\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n<\/em><\/mark> \u2019you (pl nom) : you (pl dat)\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It should be noted that when the when the head word is in the dative, its complements are in the genitive, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">pi\u0161k\u012bz pi\u2019nn\u00f5n<\/mark><\/em> \u2019little dog (dat)\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Good to know.<\/strong> In addition to the long forms, the 1st and 2nd person pronouns also have <strong>sentence-stressed short forms<\/strong> that are the same as the genitive forms. cf. <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">mi\u2019nn\u00f5n ~ mi\u2019n<\/mark><\/em>, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">si\u2019nn\u00f5n ~ si\u2019n<\/mark><\/em>, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">m\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n ~ m\u00e4\u2019n<\/mark><\/em>,<em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"> t\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n ~ t\u00e4\u2019n<\/mark><\/em>. Short forms, however, occur rarely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Partitive<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The partitive is the case generally used for the object. Certain postpositions are only used with the partitive, e.g., <em>V\u00f5i sa \u0101rmast\u00f5d <strong>m\u012bnda<\/strong>?<\/em> \u2019Do you love <strong>me<\/strong>?\u2019. The partitive is also the partial subject case, e.g., <em><strong>Viet\u0101<\/strong> u\u2019m je\u2019nn\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019There is a lot of <strong>water<\/strong>\u2019, and partial object case, e.g., <em>Van\u0101\u01dfma k\u016bjastiz<strong> le\u0161ti<\/strong> <\/em>\u2019Grandmother dried the <strong>flounders<\/strong>\u2019.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of the singular partitive endings \u2013<strong>d\u0101<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>t\u0101<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>da<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>ta<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>\u0163a<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>d\u00f5<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>t\u00f5<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>t<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>\u00f5<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>i<\/strong> depends largely on the structure of the stem.\u00a0The use of the plural partitive endings \u2013<strong>di<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>\u1e11i<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>ti<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>\u0163i<\/strong>, \u2013<strong>i<\/strong> depends on the final sounds of the stem or the nominative\/genitive plural form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Local cases and adverbs, postpositions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Location is expressed using the <strong>local case forms <\/strong>of <strong>nominals<\/strong>. Of the productive cases, the illative, inessive, and elative express location. Of the unproductive cases, the allative, adessive, and ablative are used, e.g., with certain Livonian village names (Ir\u0113,\u00a0\u00a0S\u012bkr\u00f5g, etc.), but also with place names ending in\u00a0<em>m\u01ed<\/em> \u2018land\u2019 (e.g., <em>\u0112stim\u01ed<\/em> \u2018Estonia\u2019). (For more on noun cases, see Unit 3.) Location and finality are expressed with the <strong>supine or <em>ma-<\/em>verb forms<\/strong>, which also form a three-part series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"table table-hover\"><thead><tr><th>Kus?<\/th><th>GOAL<\/th><th>Kus?<\/th><th>LOCATION<\/th><th>Kust(\u00f5)? <\/th><th>SOURCE<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Illative<\/td><td>Ma pan\u0101b s\u012be <strong>k\u00e4pp\u00f5<\/strong><br>\u2019I am putting it in the cupboard\u2019<\/td><td>Inessive<\/td><td>Se um <strong>k\u00e4ps\u00f5<\/strong><br>\u2019It is in the cupboard\u2019<\/td><td>Elative<\/td><td>Ma v\u00f5tab s\u012be <strong>k\u00e4pst\u00f5<\/strong><br>\u2019I am taking it from the cupboard\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allative<\/td><td>Ma brout\u0161\u00f5b<strong> \u0112stim\u01edl\u00f5 <\/strong><br>\u2019I am traveling to Estonia\u2019<\/td><td>Adessive<\/td><td>Ma jel\u0101b<strong> \u0112stim\u01edl <\/strong><br>\u2019I live in Estonia\u2019<\/td><td>Ablative<\/td><td>Ma um <strong>\u0112stim\u01edld<\/strong> per\u012b\u0146<br>\u2019I am from Estonia\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Supine<\/td><td>Ma l\u01df\u2019b <strong>v\u022fig\u00f5m<\/strong><br>\u2019I am going swimming\u2019<\/td><td>Supine <br>inessive<\/td><td>Ma v\u022f\u2019\u013c <strong>v\u022fig\u00f5m\u00f5s<\/strong><br>\u2019I was swimming\u2019<\/td><td>Supine <br>elative<\/td><td>Ma tul\u0101b <strong>v\u022fig\u00f5m\u00f5st<\/strong><br>\u2019I am coming from swimming\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Examples of the local case and supine three-part series<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Location is also expressed using <strong>adverbs and adpositions<\/strong>. These also form three-part series, distinguishing between going somewhere (Kus? \u2018Where (to)\u2019), being located somewhere (Kus? \u2018Where\u2019), and coming from somewhere (Kust(\u00f5)? \u2018Where (from)\u2019). The table shows examples of words, some of which occur only as adverbs, while others occur also as postpositions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table has-small-font-size\"><table class=\"table table-hover\"><thead><tr><th>Kus? (GOAL)<\/th><th>Kus? (LOCATION)<\/th><th>Kust(\u00f5)? (SOURCE)<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>al\u0101<\/strong> <br>\u2018under\u2019<\/td><td><strong>all\u00f5 ~ al<\/strong> <br>\u2018under\u2019<\/td><td><strong>ald\u00f5(st)<\/strong> <br>\u2018from under\u2019<\/td><td>R\u01ednt\u00f5z sad\u012bz l\u014ddan <strong>al\u0101\u00a0<br><\/strong>\u2019The book fell under the table\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>i\u2019lz\u00f5 <\/strong><br>\u2018up\u2019<\/td><td><strong> i\u2019ll\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018up, above\u2019<\/td><td><strong> i\u2019ld(st)<\/strong><br>\u2018from above\u2019<\/td><td>Ve\u2019l p\u01dfva u\u2019m<strong> i\u2019ll\u00f5<\/strong>, \u022d\u2019d\u00f5g ve\u2019l koug\u00f5n <br>\u2019The sun is still high, evening is still far away\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>je\u2019dd\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018in front of, forward\u2019<\/td><td><strong>je\u2019ds\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018in front of\u2019<\/td><td><strong>je\u2019dst<\/strong> <br>\u2018from the front of\u2019<\/td><td>Tulgid <strong>je\u2019dd\u00f5<\/strong>!\u00a0<br>\u2019Come forward!\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>j\u016b\u2019r\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018(up) to\u2019<\/td><td><strong>j\u016b(r)s(\u00f5)<\/strong> <br>\u2018at\u2019<\/td><td><strong>j\u016bst(\u00f5)<\/strong> <br>\u2018(away) from\u2019<\/td><td>Irma tul\u0101b a\u0157\u0161t <strong>j\u016bst\u00f5<\/strong>\u00a0<br>\u2019Irma is coming from the doctor\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ka\u0157\u0157\u00f5l<\/strong> <br>\u2018(to) herding\u2019<\/td><td><strong>k\u01ed\u0157al<\/strong> <br>\u2018herding\u2019<\/td><td><strong>k\u01ed\u0157ald <\/strong><br>\u2018from herding\u2019<\/td><td><strong>ka\u0157\u0157\u00f5l<\/strong> l\u0113\u2019mi\u00a0<br>\u2019going herding\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>kilg\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018next to\u2019<\/td><td><strong>kilgs(\u00f5)<\/strong> <br>\u2018next to\u2019<\/td><td><strong>kilgst<\/strong> <br>\u2018from next to\u2019<\/td><td>Kis ist\u0101b mi\u2019n <strong>kilgs\u00f5<\/strong>?\u00a0<br>\u2019Who is sitting next to me?\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>k\u014dgaz\u00a0<\/strong> <br>\u2018far away\u2019<\/td><td><strong>koug\u00f5n<\/strong> <br>\u2018far away\u2019<\/td><td><strong>koug\u00f5nd<\/strong> <br>\u2018from far away\u2019<\/td><td>Iz\u0101 lek\u0161 <strong>k\u014dgaz\u00a0<\/strong><br>\u2019Dad went far away\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>le\u2019\u017eg\u00f5l<\/strong> <br>\u2018near, close\u2019<\/td><td><strong>le\u2019\u017eg\u00f5l<\/strong> <br>\u2018near, close\u2019<\/td><td><strong>le\u2019\u017eg\u00f5ld<\/strong> <br>\u2018from nearby\u2019<\/td><td>Ta jel\u0101b j\u00f5v\u0101g\u00f5t <strong>le\u2019\u017eg\u00f5l\u00a0<\/strong><br>\u2019He lives quite close\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>kuod\u0101j<\/strong> <br>\u2018(to) home\u2019<\/td><td><strong>kuo\u2019nn\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018(at) home\u2019<\/td><td><strong>kuo\u2019nd\u00f5(st)<\/strong> <br>\u2018from home\u2019<\/td><td>L\u00e4p\u0161 u\u2019m <strong>kuo\u2019nn\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2019The child is at home\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>p\u01dfl\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018on(to)\u2019<\/td><td><strong>p\u01dfl(\u00f5)<\/strong> <br>\u2018on\u2019<\/td><td><strong>p\u01dfld\u00f5(st)<\/strong> <br>\u2018off, from\u2019<\/td><td>Ka\u0161 \u012bekiz ra\u2019j <strong>p\u01dfld\u00f5st<\/strong> p\u022drand <strong>p\u01dfl\u00f5\u00a0<\/strong><br>\u2019The cat jumped from the chair onto the floor\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>s\u012b\u0146\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018(to) there\u2019<\/td><td><strong>s\u01dfl<\/strong> <br>\u2018there\u2019<\/td><td><strong>s\u01dfld\u00f5(st)<\/strong> <br>\u2018from there\u2019<\/td><td>Ma jet\u012bz ta <strong>s\u012b\u0146\u00f5 <\/strong>\u012b\u2019\u017e\u00a0<br>\u2019I left him right there\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>sid\u0101m\u00f5(z)<\/strong> <br>\u2018into the middle of\u2019<\/td><td><strong>sid\u0101m\u00f5s<\/strong> <br>\u2018in the middle of, among\u2019<\/td><td><strong>sid\u0101m\u00f5st<\/strong> <br>\u2018from the middle of\u2019<\/td><td>Ta u\u2019m m\u00e4\u2019d <strong>sid\u0101m\u00f5s\u00a0<\/strong><br>\u2019He is among us\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>si\u2019zz\u00f5l<\/strong> <br>\u2018in(to), inside\u2019<\/td><td><strong>siz\u0101l<\/strong> <br>\u2018in, inside\u2019<\/td><td><strong>siz\u0101ld(\u00f5(st))<\/strong> <br>\u2018out of, from inside\u2019<\/td><td>V\u022fr\u0101b\u00f5z tu\u013c p\u022dz\u00f5d <strong>siz\u0101ld<\/strong> v\u00e4\u2019ggi kna\u0161 vak\u0101ks <br>\u2019A squirrel came out of the bushes with a very beautiful basket\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>tag\u0101n<\/strong> <br>\u2018after\u2019<\/td><td><strong>tag\u0101n<\/strong><br>\u2018behind\u2019<\/td><td><strong>tag\u0101nd(\u00f5(st))<\/strong> <br>\u2018from behind, around\u2019<\/td><td>Pi\u2019\u0146 va\u0146\u0163l\u00f5b n\u016brka <strong>tag\u0101nd\u00a0<\/strong><br>\u2019The dog is looking around the corner\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>t\u01dfn\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018(to) here\u2019<\/td><td><strong>t\u00e4s\u0101<\/strong> <br>\u2018here\u2019<\/td><td><strong>t\u00e4st\u0101<\/strong> <br>\u2018from here\u2019<\/td><td><strong>T\u00e4st\u0101 <\/strong>jo\u2019ug s\u01ed\u0146\u00f5 u\u2019m ik\u0161 kilom\u0113t\u00f5r\u00a0<br>\u2019From here to the river it is one kilometer\u2019<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>u\u2019lz\u00f5\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><br>\u2018out, outside\u2019<\/td><td><strong>ull\u00f5<\/strong> <br>\u2018outside\u2019<\/td><td><strong>uld\u00f5(st)<\/strong> <br>\u2018from outside\u2019<\/td><td><strong>Ull\u00f5 <\/strong>v\u022f\u2019\u013c v\u00e4\u2019ggi lem ja kna\u0161 \u0101iga\u00a0<br>\u2019There was warm and beautiful weather outside\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Examples of the three-part adverb and postposition series<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The forms in the table show that there exists some variation (variants are given in parentheses). For example, \u2018out of, from inside\u2019 can be expressed as <em>siz\u0101ld<\/em>, <em>siz\u0101ld\u00f5<\/em>, <em>siz\u0101ld\u00f5st<\/em>. The last of these is an example of how the productive elative case ending (-<em>st<\/em>) has been added to an old <em>ld<\/em>-final (ablative) local case form. The first and second columns also show the syncretism of forms expressing direction and location, e.g., <em>tag\u0101n<\/em> means both \u2018after\u2019 and \u2018behind\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adjective comparison<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>comparative ending <\/strong>in Livonian is <strong><em>-imi<\/em><\/strong> or <strong>\u2013<em>\u012bmi<\/em><\/strong>, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">s\u016br<\/mark><\/em> \u2019big\u2019 : <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">s\u016brimi <\/mark><\/em>\u2019bigger\u2019, <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><em>pi\u0161ki<\/em><\/mark> \u2019small\u2019 : <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">pi\u0161k\u012bmi <\/mark><\/em>\u2019smaller\u2019, <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><em>kuord\u00f5<\/em><\/mark> \u2019high\u2019 : <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">kuordimi <\/mark><\/em>\u2019higher\u2019. Often, however, comparatives are formed using the preposition <em>jo<\/em> instead, in which case the adjective typically remains in its basic form, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">k\u012blma <\/mark><\/em>\u2019cool\u2019 : <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">jo k\u012blma<\/mark><\/em> \u2019cooler\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">lem <\/mark><\/em>\u2019warm\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">jo lem<\/mark> <\/em>\u2019warmer\u2019. The comparative of <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">j\u00f5v\u0101<\/mark><\/em> \u2019good\u2019 is formed using a different stem \u2013 <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">pa\u0157\u012bmi <\/mark><\/em>\u2019better\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>superlative<\/strong> is formed using <em><strong>am\u0101<\/strong><\/em> \u2019all\u2019, which is attached to the basic or comparative form, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">am\u0101 s\u016brimi<\/mark><\/em> \u2019biggest\u2019, <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\"><em>am\u0101 pi\u0161k\u012bmi<\/em> <\/mark>\u2019smallest\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">am\u0101 kuordimi <\/mark><\/em>\u2019highest\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">am\u0101 k\u012blma<\/mark><\/em> \u2019coolest\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">am\u0101 lem<\/mark><\/em> \u2019warmest\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When comparing something, the adjective is generally connected to the object of comparison with <strong><em>ku<\/em><\/strong> \u2019as\u2019, <strong><em>\u00e4bku <\/em><\/strong>\u2019than\u2019 (literally \u2018not as\u2019), and sometimes also with Latvian <strong><em>nek\u0101<\/em><\/strong> \u2018as, than\u2019, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">v\u0101ldim ku am\u0101d pu\u0157\u0157\u00f5d \u012blma p\u01dfl<\/mark><\/em> \u2018whiter than all the sails in the world\u2019, <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">t\u00e4mp\u00f5 u\u2019m jo lem \u00e4bku e\u2019g\u013c\u00f5<\/mark><\/em> \u2018today is warmer than yesterday\u2019. It is also possible to mark the object of comparison with the elative in Livonian (<em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">J\u01edn u\u2019m mi\u2019nst\u00f5 jo n\u016bor<\/mark><\/em> \u2018J\u01edn is younger than me\u2019), but examples of this are extremely rare. The elative can be used to indicate prominence among the members of a group, e.g., <em><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-primary-color\">va\u0146\u012bmi n\u0113\u0161ti <\/mark><\/em> \u2018the oldest of them\u2019.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The grammar section in this unit is divided into four pages. First, there is an overview of the dative case (page 1), then the partitive case (page 2), local cases, local adverbs, and postpositions (page 3), and finally comparative and &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1896","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1896","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1896"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1896\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2118,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1896\/revisions\/2118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1896"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}