{"id":1559,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/72-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2024-12-23T09:34:51","modified_gmt":"2024-12-23T07:34:51","slug":"72-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/72-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"7.2. Gramatik \/ Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The grammar section of this lesson gives an overview of the jussive (page 1) and the quotative (page 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jussive<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The jussive is typically used when a command, prohibition, or request comes from someone other than the speaker and is directed at someone other than the listener. Usually, this construction consists of the particle la\u2019z <\/em>and the jussive form of the verb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E.g.,\u00a0\u00a0La\u2019z v\u00f5t\u0101g<\/strong> s\u012be ib\u012bz ja pang\u00f5 <\/strong>ratt\u00f5d je\u2019dd\u00f5<\/em>. \u2019Have (him) take the horse and put it in front of the cart<\/mark>.\u2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Possible endings include -g<\/em><\/strong>, -\u00f5g<\/em><\/strong>, -g\u00f5<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>-kk\u00f5<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0-k\u00f5<\/em><\/strong>. Both of the last two are used only with one word: l\u00e4kk\u00f5 <\/em>\u2018 may (s\/he) go, so (s\/he) goes\u2019 and\u00a0v\u022flk\u00f5<\/span><\/i> \u2018may (s\/he) be, so (s\/he) is\u2019, respectively.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Person<\/strong><\/td>v\u0231l|da<\/strong> \u2019to be\u2019<\/td>t\u012b\u2019e|d\u00f5<\/strong> \u2019to do\u2019<\/td>pall|\u00f5<\/strong> \u2019to ask\u2019<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5<\/strong> \u2019to read\u2019<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5<\/strong> \u2019to think\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
ma, sa, ta<\/td>v\u022fl|k\u00f5<\/td>t\u012be|g\u00f5<\/td>p\u01edla|g<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5g<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5g<\/td><\/tr>
m\u0113g, t\u0113g, ne<\/td>v\u022fl|k\u00f5|d<\/td>t\u012be|g\u00f5|d<\/td>p\u01edla|g|\u00f5d<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5g|\u00f5d<\/td>m\u00f5tl|\u00f5g|\u00f5d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Jussive constructions are also used as purpose clauses,\u00a0<\/span><\/span>e.g.,\u00a0Ne\u2019i ta a\u0304ndab s\u012be bot\u012b\u013c la\u2019z j\u016bog\u00f5<\/strong><\/em>. \u2019He gives the bottle so, in order to drink.\u2019<\/mark><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To form the negative<\/strong>, add the negative verb a\u2019lg\u00f5 <\/em>or a\u2019lg\u00f5d:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ma, sa, ta<\/strong><\/td>a\u2019lg\u00f5<\/td>p\u01edla|g<\/td><\/tr>
me\u0304g, te\u0304g, ne<\/strong><\/td>a\u2019lg\u00f5d<\/td>p\u01edla|g|\u00f5d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

E.g.,\u00a0Nai k\u012bt\u00f5n, alg\u00f5 <\/strong>Mik\u012b\u013c k\u0101rtag<\/strong>.<\/em> \u2019The woman (had) said that Mik\u012b\u013c should not be afraid.\u2019<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Quotative<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The quotative or indirect speech is used to convey mediated information. It is commonly used in complement clauses that are governed by a verb of expression or perception like\u00a0ki\u2019zz\u00f5<\/i> \u2019to ask\u2019, k\u016bl\u00f5 <\/i>\u2019to hear\u2019, n\u00e4g\u021b\u00f5 <\/i>\u2019to show\u2019, etc., e.g., Neitst tund u\u2019lz\u00f5 ja ki\u2019zz\u00f5n, mis ta t\u01ed\u2019ji<\/strong>, sk\u016bolm\u0113star ve\u2019l ma\u2019ggiji <\/strong><\/em>\u2019The girl (had) come out and asked, what he wanted, the teacher was still asleep\u2019<\/mark>. Unlike in Estonian, where the quotative generally indicates that the speaker does not take responsibility for the accuracy of a statement\u2019s content, in Livonian its main function is specifically to indicate mediated information.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The endings are -i<\/strong><\/em>, -ji<\/strong><\/em>, -iji<\/em><\/strong>; in the plural, -d<\/strong> <\/em>is added.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • -i<\/strong> \u2013 is used with the verbs v\u0231lda <\/em>\u2019to be\u2019, t\u016blda <\/em>\u2019to come\u2019, p\u0101nda <\/em>\u2019to put\u2019: v\u022f\u013c\u013c\/i <\/em>\u2019(is said to) be\u2019, tu\u013c\u013c\/i <\/em>\u2019(is said to) come\u2019, pa\u0146\u0146\/i <\/em>\u2019(is said to) put\u2019. -\u013c and -\u0146 appear in the word stem analogically with simple past tense forms, cf. v\u022f\u2019\u013c <\/em>\u2019(s\/he) was\u2019, tu\u2019\u013c <\/em>\u2018(s\/he) came\u2019, pa\u2019\u0146 <\/em>\u2019(s\/he) put\u2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -ji<\/strong> \u2013 occurs
    a) with monosyllabic vowel-stem verbs, e.g., v\u012b\/ji \u2018(is said to) lead\u2019. This also includes verbs with stem vowels, which are shortened in the simple past tense, the same as in the quotative stem \u0113 occurs in place of \u01df and \u012be, cf.k\u01df\u2019\/d\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to walk\u2019 : kei <\/em>\u2019(s\/he) walked\u2019 : k\u0113\/ji <\/em>\u2019(is said to) walk\u2019, s\u012be\/d\u00f5<\/em> \u2019to eat\u2019 : sei <\/em>\u2019(s\/he) ate\u2019 : s\u0113\/ji <\/em>\u2019(is said to) eat\u2019;
    b) with disyllabic a-\/\u0101-stems.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -iji<\/strong> \u2013 occurs in verbs with \u016b-, \u00f5-, and consonant stems; for verbs with gradation, it is added to the strong grade form.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    Person<\/strong><\/td>v\u0231l|da <\/strong>\u2019to be\u2019<\/td>s\u01ed|d\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to get\u2019<\/td>pall|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to ask\u2019<\/td>lu\u2019gg|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to read\u2019<\/td>k\u0113rat|\u00f5 <\/strong>\u2019to write\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
    ma, sa, ta<\/strong><\/td>vo\u0307l\u0327l\u0327 |i<\/td>s\u01ed|ji<\/td>p\u01edla|ji<\/td>lu\u2019gg|iji<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji<\/td><\/tr>
    m\u0113g, t\u0113g, ne<\/strong><\/td>vo\u0307l\u0327l\u0327 |i|d<\/td>s\u01ed|ji|d<\/td>p\u01edla|ji|d<\/td>lu\u2019gg|iji|d<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji|d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    The negative<\/strong> is formed by adding the negative verb:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ma<\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji<\/td><\/tr>
    sa<\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019d<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji<\/td><\/tr>
    ta<\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji<\/td><\/tr>
    m\u0113g<\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji|d<\/td><\/tr>
    t\u0113g<\/strong><\/td>\u00e4t<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji|d<\/td><\/tr>
    ne<\/strong><\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/td>k\u0113rat|iji|d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    Nt Se\u013c\u013ci van\u0101 ri\u0161t\u012bng \u00e4\u2019b v\u00f5iji <\/strong>jem\u012b\u0146 mid\u0113g\u00f5st sield\u00f5ks opp\u00f5<\/em>. \u2019An old man like this (is said to) not be able to learn anything clearly anymore.<\/mark><\/span>\u2019<\/mark><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

    Le\u0163k\u012bel m\u022f\u2019jjimi \/ Latvian influence<\/h5>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    The influence of Latvian on Livonian is noticeable at all linguistic levels. The easiest to recognize are various loanwords such as bro\u2019ut\u0161\u00f5<\/em> <\/strong>\u2019to travel\u2019 <\/mark>(Latvian braukt <\/em>: brauc<\/em>), dad\u017e\u0101 <\/strong><\/em>\u2019thistle\u2019 <\/mark>(Latvian dadzis<\/em>), etc. Likewise, Latvian function words have been borrowed and become established in Livonian, e.g., un <\/strong><\/em>\u2019and\u2019, bet <\/strong><\/em>\u2019but\u2019, b\u00e4s<\/em> <\/strong>\u2019without\u2019, pa <\/strong><\/em><\/mark>(translative function word, e.g., pa s\u016br\u00f5ks<\/em> \u2019large (transl)\u2019). The corresponding Livonian forms ja<\/em>, ag\u0101<\/em>, ilm\u00f5<\/em> have also remained in use alongside these.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The use of prefixes with Livonian verbs is also a result of Latvian influence. These include some, which correspond to Livonian compound verbs, e.g., sam\u016bo\u0161tab<\/mark><\/strong><\/em>\u2019(s\/he) understands\u2019 <\/mark>(Latvian saprot<\/em> \u2018(s\/he) understands\u2019) (cf. s\u01edb ar\u016b<\/em> \u2018(s\/he) understands\u2019), as well as some where the prefix does not add anything to the meaning of the sentence, e.g., cf. piep\u01edlab <\/strong><\/em>\u2019(s\/he) asks\u2019 <\/mark>(Latvian piel\u016bdz<\/em> \u2018(s\/he) worships\u2019). However, it has been observed that the use of prefixes varies from speaker to speaker, e.g., one speaker says iegrum\u0101nik\u0101d<\/em> <\/strong>\u2019enemies\u2019<\/mark> (Latvian ienaidnieki<\/em> \u2018enemies\u2019), but another says grum\u0101nik\u0101d<\/mark><\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Livonian has also left its mark on Latvian. The most well-known example of this influence in Latvian is stress on the first syllable, which has been attributed to the influence of Livonian or, more broadly, (southern) Finnic languages. The fact that the Latvian locative case can sometimes be used to indicate direction has been attributed to Livonian influence. Likewise, there are also several words in Latvian that are borrowed from Livonian., e.g., s\u0113ne<\/em> <\/mark><\/strong>(Livonian s\u0113\u0146 <\/em>\u2019mushroom\u2019), maks\u0101t<\/mark> <\/strong><\/em>(Livonian maks\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to pay\u2019).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The grammar section of this lesson gives an overview of the jussive (page 1) and the quotative (page 2). Jussive The jussive is typically used when a command, prohibition, or request comes from someone other than the speaker and is …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1559","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1559","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1559"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1559\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1698,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1559\/revisions\/1698"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1559"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}