{"id":1502,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/52-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2025-03-20T12:40:45","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T10:40:45","slug":"52-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/52-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"5.2. Gramatik \/ Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Simple past tense<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

The simple past \u2013 or imperfect \u2013 tense can be recognized by palatalization <\/strong>and the endings -i, \u00ad\u0161<\/i>, \u00ad\u017e, \u00ad\u012bz<\/i>, \u2013iz<\/i><\/strong>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The personal endings added to the simple past tense are somewhat different from the personal endings that appear in present tense forms (see Unit 2 on the present tense).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For 1st and 3rd person of the affirmative simple past<\/strong> tense, only the simple past stem (marked with the symbol \u00f8 in the table below) is used. For the 2nd person singular, the ending -d<\/strong> is added to a vowel or a voiced consonant, -t<\/em> to a voiceless consonant. A generalization can be seen for 2nd and 3rd person plural: in both cases t\u00f5<\/i>\u2013<\/span><\/span>final forms are used. The endings \u2013ma\u0304<\/i> and \u2013<\/span>ta\u0304<\/span><\/i><\/span> are given in parentheses, because these are used only with the word l\u01df\u2019d\u00f5 <\/i> \u2019to go\u2019<\/mark> (lek\u0161m\u0101 : lek\u0161t\u0101<\/mark><\/em>).<\/span><\/span> The personal endings of the affirmative simple past for the verbs n\u01df\u2019d\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to see\u2019 <\/mark>and r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5 <\/em>\u2019to speak\u2019 <\/mark><\/span><\/span>are given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Person<\/th>Ending<\/th>Examples<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
sg 1st prs<\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ma neiz<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndiz<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
sg 2nd prs<\/td>-d ~ -t<\/strong><\/td>sa neizt<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizt<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
sg 3rd prs<\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ta neiz<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndiz<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 1st prs<\/td>-m\u00f5 (~ -m\u0101)<\/strong><\/td>m\u0113g neizm\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizm\u00f5<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 2nd prs<\/td>-t -t\u00f5 (~ -t\u0101)<\/strong><\/td>t\u0113g neizt\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizt(\u00f5)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 3rd prs<\/td>-t -t\u00f5<\/strong><\/td>ne neizt\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101ndizt(\u00f5)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

The negative simple past<\/strong> is formed using a simple past form of the negative verb and a negative form of the lexical verb. Note: The negative form of the lexical verb used to form the negative simple past is the same as the form used to form the negative present (see the Grammar section of Unit 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Person<\/th>Negative<\/th>Ending<\/th>Examples<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
sg 1st prs<\/td>i\u2019z<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ma i\u2019z <\/strong>n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
sg 2nd prs<\/td>i\u2019zt<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>sa i\u2019zt <\/strong>n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
sg 3rd prs<\/td>i\u2019z<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/strong><\/td>ta i\u2019z<\/strong> n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
pl 1st prs<\/td>i\u2019z<\/strong><\/td>-m\u00f5 ~ -m ~ -\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>m\u0113g i\u2019z<\/strong> n\u01dfm\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 2nd prs<\/td>i\u2019zt<\/strong><\/td>-t\u00f5 ~ -t ~ -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>t\u0113g i\u2019zt <\/strong>n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 3rd prs<\/td>i\u2019zt<\/strong><\/td>-t\u00f5 ~ -t ~ -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>ne i\u2019zt <\/strong>n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, the negative verb is specifically what marks the negative in the simple past tense. Cf:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Present tense<\/th>Simple Past tense<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
M\u0113g r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m <\/mark><\/strong>l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5 <\/span><\/td>M\u0113g r\u00f5k\u0101ndizm\u00f5 <\/mark><\/strong>l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5 <\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u2018We are speaking Livonian\u2019<\/td>\u2018We spoke Livonian\u2019<\/td><\/tr>
M\u0113g\u00e4\u2019b<\/strong><\/mark>r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/mark><\/span> <\/strong>l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5<\/span><\/td>M\u0113g i\u2019z<\/mark><\/span><\/strong>r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/mark><\/strong><\/span> l\u012bv\u00f5 k\u012beld\u00f5<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
\u2018We are not speaking Livonian\u2019<\/td>\u2018We did not speak Livonian\u2019<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Conjugation I<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

The simple past tense forms of the verbs\u00a0v\u0231lda\u00a0<\/em>\u2019to be\u2019,\u00a0p\u0101nda\u00a0<\/em>\u2019to put\u2019, and\u00a0t\u016blda\u00a0<\/em>\u2019to come\u2019 end in a palatalized consonant. The consonants \u2013\u013c<\/em>\u00a0and \u2013\u0146<\/em> in the simple past tense stem replace the l <\/em>and n <\/em>found in the negative present tense (and also infinitive) forms of these verbs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Conjugation II<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

The simple past forms of verbs with monosyllabic vowel-final stems can end in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • -i<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 found, e.g., in the verbs\u00a0k\u01df\u2019\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to walk\u2019,\u00a0t\u012b\u2019e\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to do, to make\u2019,\u00a0s\u01ed\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to get\u2019,\u00a0j\u016bo\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to drink\u2019. The stem vowels in these words are shortened in the simple past tense, while \u01df<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u012be<\/em>\u00a0are replaced by\u00a0e<\/em>, e.g.,\u00a0t\u012b\u2019eb\u00a0<\/em>\u2019(s\/he) does, makes\u2019 >\u00a0tei<\/em>\u00a0\u2019(s\/he) did, made\u2019, and \u01ed<\/em>\u00a0is replaced by\u00a0a<\/em>, e.g.,\u00a0s\u01edb\u00a0<\/em>\u2019(s\/he) gets\u2019 >\u00a0sai\u00a0<\/em>\u2019(s\/he) got\u2019;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -\u017e<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 e.g., in the verbs\u00a0v\u012b\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to take\u2019,\u00a0v\u00f5i\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to be able\u2019,\u00a0t\u01ed\u2019\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to want\u2019 (see the table below);<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -iz<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 only in the verb\u00a0n\u01df\u2019\/d\u00f5<\/em>\u00a0\u2019to see\u2019, which has the past tense stem\u00a0ne<\/em>-, e.g.,\u00a0neiz<\/em>\u00a0\u2019(s\/he) saw\u2019;<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • -\u0161<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 only in the verb\u00a0l\u01df\u2019d\u00f5\u00a0<\/em>\u2019to go\u2019, which has the past tense stem\u00a0lek<\/em>\u2013 (see the table below).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Conjugation III<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    This conjugation group includes disyllabic verbs with gradation, which have a\/\u0101<\/em>-,\u00a0u<\/em>\u2013, and\u00a0\u00f5<\/em>-final stems. The simple past tense forms of this group end in either \u2013iz\u00a0<\/em>or \u2013\u012bz<\/em>. When there is a long consonant in the first syllable, the ending is \u2013iz<\/em>, but when there is a short consonant, the ending is \u2013\u012bz<\/em>. The affirmative simple past tense forms of verbs in this group are always weak grade and the stem vowel found in singular present tense forms is lost in the past tense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Conjugation IV<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    This conjugation group is composed of polysyllabic verbs without gradation with consonant-final stems. The simple past tense ending for these verbs is always \u2013iz<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

    Numerals<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Livonian uses a decimal system, which means that its numeral system is based on 10 and there are unique words for multiples of ten, e.g., sad\u0101 <\/em>\u2019100\u2019<\/mark>, t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 <\/em>\u20191000\u2019<\/mark>. The numerals 11-19 are formed using -tuoist\u00f5n <\/i>\u2019-teen\u2019, e.g., ik\u0161tuoist\u00f5n <\/em>\u201911\u2019<\/mark>, kak\u0161tuoist\u00f5n<\/em> \u201912\u2019,<\/mark> etc.; multiples of ten are formed using -kimd\u00f5<\/i> \u2019-ty\u2019, e.g., <\/i>kuolmkimd\u00f5<\/em> \u201930\u2019<\/mark>, n\u0113\u013cakimd\u00f5 <\/em>\u201940\u2019<\/mark>, etc. It is customary to write single numerals separately from tens and hundreds, etc., e.g., v\u012b\u017ekimd\u00f5 k\u016b\u017e<\/em> \u201956\u2019<\/mark>, seissadd\u00f5 k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ks<\/em> \u2019708\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/div>\n\n\n\n
    Cardinal numerals<\/strong><\/th><\/th>Ordinal numerals<\/strong><\/th><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    0<\/strong><\/td>nul<\/td>0th<\/strong><\/td>null\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    1<\/strong><\/td>ik\u0161<\/td>1st<\/strong><\/td>e\u2019\u017emi<\/td><\/tr>
    2<\/strong><\/td>kak\u0161<\/td>2nd<\/strong><\/td>tuoi<\/td><\/tr>
    3<\/strong><\/td>kuolm<\/td>3rd<\/strong><\/td>kuolm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    4<\/strong><\/td>n\u0113\u013ca<\/td>4th<\/strong><\/td>ne\u013c\u013c\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    5<\/strong><\/td>v\u012b\u017e<\/td>5th<\/strong><\/td>v\u012bd\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    6<\/strong><\/td>k\u016b\u017e<\/td>6th<\/strong><\/td>k\u016bd\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    7<\/strong><\/td>seis<\/td>7th<\/strong><\/td>seism\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    8<\/strong><\/td>k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ks<\/td>8th<\/strong><\/td>k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    9<\/strong><\/td>\u012b\u2019d\u00f5ks<\/td>9th<\/strong><\/td>\u012b\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    10<\/strong><\/td>kim<\/td>10th<\/strong><\/td>kimm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    11<\/strong><\/td>ik\u0161tuoist\u00f5n<\/td>11th<\/strong><\/td>ik\u0161tuoist\u00f5n\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    30<\/strong><\/td>kuolmkimd\u00f5<\/td>30th<\/strong><\/td>kuolmkimd\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    41<\/strong><\/td>n\u0113\u013cakimd\u00f5 ik\u0161<\/td>41st<\/strong><\/td>n\u0113\u013cakimd\u00f5 e\u2019\u017emi<\/td><\/tr>
    100<\/strong><\/td>sad\u0101<\/td>100th<\/strong><\/td>sad\u0101z<\/td><\/tr>
    500<\/strong><\/td>v\u012b\u017esa\u2019dd\u00f5<\/td>500th<\/strong><\/td>v\u012b\u017esad\u0101z<\/td><\/tr>
    610<\/strong><\/td>k\u016b\u017esa\u2019dd\u00f5 kim<\/td>610th<\/strong><\/td>k\u016b\u017esad\u0101 kimm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    1000<\/strong><\/td>t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5<\/td>1000th<\/strong><\/td>t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    2003<\/strong><\/td>kak\u0161 t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 kuolm<\/td>2003rd<\/strong><\/td>kak\u0161 t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 kuolm\u00f5z<\/td><\/tr>
    1,000,100<\/strong><\/td>(ik\u0161) miljon ik\u0161sad\u0101<\/td>1,000,100th<\/strong><\/td>(ik\u0161) miljon ik\u0161sad\u0101z<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    <\/div>\n\n\n\n

    If a cardinal numeral<\/strong> is greater than one and is used to modify a noun, then the noun is in the partitive<\/strong>, e.g., \u012br<\/em> : \u012b\u2019d\u00f5ks \u012brt\u00f5<\/em> \u2019mouse : nine mice\u2019<\/mark>. This is also the reason why the partitive form sa\u2019dd\u00f5 <\/em>is used in, e.g.,v\u012b\u017esa\u2019dd\u00f5<\/em> \u2019five hundred\u2019<\/mark> (cf. sad\u0101<\/em> \u2019hundred\u2019<\/mark>). If the modified noun is in any other case, then the partitive is not used, e.g., a noun modified by the preposition i\u2019\u013c<\/i> must be in the genitive: Ma m\u00f5tl\u00f5b i\u2019\u013c \u012b\u2019d\u00f5ks \u012br<\/em> \u2019I am thinking about nine mice\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ordinal numerals <\/strong>are formed from cardinal numerals using the derivational suffix -z<\/i> <\/b>or -\u00f5z<\/i><\/b>. In declension, -nd<\/i> appears in the stem, e.g., kimm\u00f5z <\/em>: kimm\u00f5nd <\/em>\u2019tenth (nom) : tenth (gen)\u2019<\/mark>. The first component is also always declined in compound cardinal numerals, cf.v\u012b\u017etuoist\u00f5n <\/em>\u2019fifteen (nom)\u2019 : v\u012bdtuoist\u00f5n <\/em>\u2019fifteen (gen)\u2019<\/mark>. In the dative and instrumental, the first component remains in the genitive and the case ending is added only to the final component, e.g., v\u012bdtuoist\u00f5n\u00f5n <\/em>\u2019fifteenth (dat)\u2019, v\u012bdtuoist\u00f5n\u00f5ks <\/em>\u2019fifteenth (inst)\u2019<\/mark>. All components are declined for local cases, e.g., k\u01ed\u2019dskimd\u00f5s irdt\u00f5ks<\/em> \u2019in the twentieth exercise\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The inessive is generally used to show the year in which an event occurs; in this situation, only the final word is modified, e.g., Mi\u2019n van\u0101\u01dfma s\u012bndiz 8. (k\u01ed\u2019d\u00f5ksm\u00f5s) septemb\u00f5rs 1921. (t\u016b\u2019ont\u00f5 \u012b\u2019d\u00f5kssa\u2019dd\u00f5 kak\u0161kimd\u00f5 e\u2019\u017emis) \u0101igasts<\/em> \u2019My grandmother was born on September 8th in 1921\u2019<\/mark>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Simple past tense The simple past \u2013 or imperfect \u2013 tense can be recognized by palatalization and the endings -i, \u00ad\u0161, \u00ad\u017e, \u00ad\u012bz, \u2013iz. The personal endings added to the simple past tense are somewhat different from the personal endings …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1502","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1502"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1502\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2701,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1502\/revisions\/2701"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}