{"id":1260,"date":"2024-04-04T08:57:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:57:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/22-grammatika\/"},"modified":"2025-02-23T21:16:36","modified_gmt":"2025-02-23T19:16:36","slug":"22-grammatika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/22-grammatika\/","title":{"rendered":"2.2. Gramatik \/ Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Personal pronouns<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Livonian personal pronouns have three singular and three plural persons. The case forms of the personal pronouns are shown in the table below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
Case<\/strong><\/td>sg 1st prs<\/strong><\/td>sg 2nd prs<\/strong><\/td>sg 3rd prs<\/strong><\/td>pl 1st p<\/strong>rs<\/strong><\/td>pl 2nd prs<\/strong><\/td>pl 3rd <\/sup>prs<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Nominative<\/strong><\/td>min\u0101, ma<\/td>sin\u0101, sa<\/td>t\u00e4m\u0101, ta<\/td>m\u0113g (meg)<\/td>t\u0113g (teg)<\/td>n\u00e4m\u0101d, ne<\/td><\/tr>
Genitive<\/strong><\/td>mi\u2019n<\/td>si\u2019n<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019m<\/td>m\u00e4\u2019d<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019d<\/td>n\u00e4nt<\/td><\/tr>
Dative<\/strong><\/td>mi\u2019nn\u00f5n ~ mi\u2019n<\/td>si\u2019nn\u00f5n ~ si\u2019n<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5n<\/td>m\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n ~ m\u00e4\u2019n<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019dd\u00f5n ~ t\u00e4\u2019n<\/td>n\u00e4nt\u00f5n<\/td><\/tr>
Partitive<\/strong><\/td>m\u012bnda<\/td>s\u012bnda<\/td>t\u01dfnda<\/td>m\u0113\u1e11i<\/td>t\u0113\u1e11i<\/td>n\u0113\u1e11i<\/td><\/tr>
Instrumental<\/strong><\/td>mi\u2019nk\u00f5ks<\/td>si\u2019nk\u00f5ks<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019mk\u00f5ks<\/td>m\u00e4\u2019dk\u00f5ks<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019dk\u00f5ks<\/td>n\u00e4ntk\u00f5ks<\/td><\/tr>
Illative<\/strong><\/td>mi\u2019nn\u00f5 ~ mi\u2019nn\u00f5z<\/td>si\u2019nn\u00f5 ~ si\u2019nn\u00f5z<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5 ~ t\u00e4\u2019mm\u00f5z<\/td>m\u0113\u2019\u017ei<\/td>t\u0113\u2019\u017ei<\/td>n\u0113\u2019\u017ei<\/td><\/tr>
Inessive<\/strong><\/td>mi\u2019ns\u00f5<\/td>si\u2019ns\u00f5<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019ms\u00f5<\/td>m\u0113\u0161i<\/td>t\u0113\u0161i<\/td>n\u0113\u0161i<\/td><\/tr>
Elative<\/strong><\/td>mi\u2019nst\u00f5<\/td>si\u2019nst\u00f5<\/td>t\u00e4\u2019mst\u00f5<\/td>m\u0113\u0161ti<\/td>t\u0113\u0161ti<\/td>n\u0113\u0161ti<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Personal pronoun case forms<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Nominative and dative pronouns generally have both a long and short form. In the nominative case, the long form of the pronoun is used primarily in stressed positions within a sentence, where it has a contrasting or emphatic function. The short form is usually unstressed. <\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

The 1st and 2nd person nominative plural forms are given in parentheses, because they can be considered forms characteristic of quick speech.<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

The pronoun ne <\/i>is not a short form of n\u00e4m\u0101d<\/i>, but is instead a plural demonstrative pronoun (cf. Estonian need<\/i>), which has entered the personal pronoun paradigm. Starting with the genitive form, the forms of n\u00e4m\u0101d<\/i> and ne <\/i>are identical.<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Verbs: Present Tense<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the affirmative<\/strong>, inflectional endings are used for all persons, with the 1st and 3rd person singulars coinciding. The table below shows the usual endings for the present tense and the conjugated forms of the verbs n\u01df\u2019d\u00f5<\/i> \u2018to see\u2019 and r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5<\/i> \u2018to talk\u2019 as examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Person<\/th>Ending<\/th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
sg 1st prs<\/td>-b -\u00f5b<\/strong><\/td>ma n\u01dfb<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5b<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
sg 2nd prs<\/td>-d -\u00f5d<\/strong><\/td>sa n\u01dfd<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5d<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
sg 3rd prs<\/td>-b -\u00f5b<\/strong><\/td>ta n\u01dfb<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5b<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 1st prs<\/td>-m\u00f5 -m -\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>m\u0113g n\u01dfm\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 2nd prs<\/td>-t\u00f5 -t -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>t\u0113g n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 3rd prs<\/td>-b\u00f5d -\u00f5b\u00f5d<\/strong><\/td>ne n\u01dfb\u00f5d<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5b\u00f5d<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Affirmative present tense endings<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The choice of the ending<\/strong> depends primarily on the sound at the end of the stem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If the stem ends in a consonant, a variant with \u00f5<\/i> is used (e.g., r\u00f5k\u0101nd\/\u00f5b<\/em>), if the stem ends in a vowel, a variant without \u00f5<\/i> is used (e.g., n\u01df\/b<\/i>).<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

\n
The choice of ending for the 1st and 2nd person plural depends on the number of syllables: -m\u00f5<\/em> and \u2013t\u00f5<\/em> are added to a monosyllabic vowel stem, respectively, while for words with more than one syllable, the endings are -\u00f5m<\/em> and -\u00f5t<\/em>, respectively. The exception is verbs with a\/\u0101<\/em>-stems with gradation, where -m<\/em> and -t<\/em> are used.<\/summary>\n

<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Negative <\/strong>present tense forms are compound forms consisting of an inflected negative verb and a lexical verb. In the singular, the lexical verb does not have an ending (marked below with the symbol \u00f8), while in the plural, inflectional endings are added. The 1st and 2nd person plural forms of the lexical verb coincide with the respective affirmative forms, while the 3rd person plural of the lexical verb is the same as the 2nd person plural form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Person<\/th>Negative<\/th>Ending<\/th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
sg 1st prs<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/td>ma \u00e4\u2019b<\/strong> n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
sg 2nd prs<\/td>\u00e4\u2019d<\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/td>sa \u00e4\u2019d<\/strong> n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
sg 3rd prs<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u00f8<\/td>ta \u00e4\u2019b<\/strong> n\u01df, r\u00f5k\u0101nd<\/td><\/tr>
pl 1st prs<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/strong><\/td>-m\u00f5 -m -\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td>m\u0113g \u00e4\u2019b<\/strong> n\u01dfm\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5m<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 2nd prs<\/td>\u00e4t<\/strong><\/td>-t\u00f5 -t -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>t\u0113g \u00e4t <\/strong>n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
pl 3rd prs<\/td>\u00e4\u2019b<\/strong><\/td>-t\u00f5 -t -\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td>ne \u00e4\u2019b <\/strong>n\u01dft\u00f5<\/strong>, r\u00f5k\u0101nd\u00f5t<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
Negative present tense endings<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Four conjugation groups<\/strong> can be distinguished, depending on the number of syllables in a word, whether it has gradation, and whether its stem ends in a vowel or consonant. The conjugation groups are given on the next page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n
Conjugation group I<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

This conjugation group includes three verbs: v\u0231lda <\/em>\u2019to be\u2019<\/mark>,p\u0101nda <\/em>\u2019to put\u2019, <\/mark>and t\u016blda <\/em>\u2019to come\u2019<\/mark>. They have weak grade infinitive forms. Unlike regular \u0101<\/em>-stem verbs (see Conjugation group III), the present plural and negative forms of p\u0101nda <\/mark><\/em>and t\u016blda<\/mark><\/em> are strong grade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The 3rd person plural forms of the verb v\u0231lda<\/em> \u2013\u0101t\u00f5<\/mark><\/em>, att\u00f5<\/mark><\/em>, \u0101t<\/mark><\/em>, at <\/mark><\/em>\u2013 were originally the so-called quick speech forms, but these have now have replacedum\u0101t\u00f5 <\/mark><\/em>and for the most part alsoum\u0101t<\/mark><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Good to know.<\/strong> In Western Livonian, the 1st person singular form ofv\u0231lda<\/mark><\/em> is \u016bo ,<\/em><\/mark>while in Central Livonian, it is \u016bob<\/mark><\/em>. The verb t\u016blda <\/mark><\/em>has \u016b<\/em>-stem forms in the singular in Western and Central Livonian, in the Eastern Livonian village of Vaid, and \u2013 depending on the person \u2013 also in S\u012bkr\u00f5g with p\u0101nda <\/mark><\/em>\u2019to put\u2019 changing in the same way in the latter. Attempts were also made in the 1930s to introduce forms like\u016bob<\/mark><\/em>, pan\u016bb<\/em><\/mark>, andtul\u016bb<\/mark><\/em> into written Livonian texts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conjugation group II<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

This group includes verbs with a monosyllabic vowel stem. The broken tone in the infinitive does not always occur in the present tense stem (see e.g., t\u012b\u2019ed\u00f5 <\/mark><\/em>\u2019to do, to make\u2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Conjugation group III<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

This group includes disyllabic verbs with gradation. Depending on the final vowel of the present singular stem, the gradational verb stems are divided into a\/\u0101<\/em>-, \u016b<\/em>-, and \u00f5<\/em>-stems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

It should be noted that in the case of a\/\u0101<\/em>-stems, both the affirmative and negative present tenses are weak grade. In \u016b<\/em>\u2013 and \u00f5<\/em>-stem words, all affirmative singular forms are weak grade and all plural forms are strong grade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conjugation group IV<\/h5>\n\n\n\n

This group includes verbs with consonants stems without gradation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Personal pronouns Livonian personal pronouns have three singular and three plural persons. The case forms of the personal pronouns are shown in the table below. Case sg 1st prs sg 2nd prs sg 3rd prs pl 1st prs pl 2nd …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1260","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/320"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1260"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1260\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2620,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1260\/revisions\/2620"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/liivikeel\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}