{"id":8,"date":"2024-04-04T00:39:45","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T21:39:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/101-robustness-and-ruggedness-relation-lc-ms-method-development\/"},"modified":"2024-06-20T09:55:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T06:55:29","slug":"101-robustness-and-ruggedness-relation-lc-ms-method-development","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/101-robustness-and-ruggedness-relation-lc-ms-method-development\/","title":{"rendered":"10.1 Robustness and ruggedness relation to LC-MS method development"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Evaluation of ruggedness\u00a0and\u00a0robustness\u00a0is very important in the case of LC-MS, as there are large number of system parameters, some of which are difficult to control. As a result, some of the key performance characteristics are also difficult to control or are sensitive to small changes in system parameters (or sample properties), resulting in poor instrument reproducibility between\u00a0the runs (between samples with formally identical matrix).<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, LC-MS is very often used for the determination of very low levels of analytes in highly complex matrices. Analysis of complex matrices often requires complex multi-step sample preparation procedures, which contribute\u00a0to the overall complexity of the method.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>To view third-party content, please accept cookies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Change consent<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">Robustness and ruggedness relation to LC-MS method development<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uttv.ee\/naita?id=23687\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.uttv.ee\/naita?id=23687<\/a><\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qM0R4OGYI5E&amp;feature=youtu.be\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qM0R4OGYI5E&amp;feature=youtu.be<\/a><br>\u00a0<\/h5>\n<p>As to which parameters should be varied during robustness studies, the guidelines vary in their recommendations [ref 1]. In this course we recommend the following\u00a0list of method parameters and changes in these parameters, that should be investigated during robustness studies:\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Table 1.<\/strong> Recommended method parameters to be investigated during robustness studies.\u00a0<\/h4>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"width: 90%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #bec7da;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Parameter\u00a0<a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"(1)\" data-content=\"(1) This list is not exhaustive, there can be different other parameters that, depending on situation, could be changed. \">(1)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Likelihood of uncontrollable change <a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"(2)\" data-content=\"(2) This grading is generic, corresponding to the most common situations. In specific cases the grading can be different. \">(2)<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Possible extent of variation\u00a0<a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"(3)\" data-content=\"(3) These extents of parameter variation can be considered as possible defaults. In practice different extents can be used, but they should be realistic.\">(3)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p><strong>Comments<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f5f5f5;\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Liquid chromatography<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00a0Mobile phase pH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Medium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 0.5 units<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>pH will have a strong effect on the retention time (and possibly resolution) if the analyte\u2019s p<em>K<\/em><sub>a<\/sub> value is within \u00b1 1.5 units of the mobile phase pH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Concentration of additives in the\u00a0eluent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Medium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00b1 10% (relative)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Salts, ion-pair reagents, modifiers can suppress\/enhance analyte\u2019s ionization in the ion source and change its retention time and possibly resolution from other compounds<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Organic solvent content in the eluent<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Low to Medium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 2% (relative)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Organic solvent content influences the retention time (and possibly resolution) and analyte signal in LC-MS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Column temperature<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 5 \u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Column temperature influences the retention time (and possibly resolution)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Eluent flow rate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 20%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Eluent flow rate influences the retention time (and possibly resolution)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Column batch and age<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Medium<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Changes in the column can influence the retention time (and possibly resolution) and peak shape.<br>There can be also influence on the ionization: because of different retention time there can be different co-eluting compounds and, consequently, different ionization suppression\/enhancement.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f5f5f5;\" colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Samples and sample preparation<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Analyte extraction time; solvent amount and composition (in liquid\/liquid and solid phase extraction, etc)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 20%<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Influences recovery and LoQ\/LoD\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Injection solvent composition<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Low\/High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 10% (relative)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>This is the solvent in which the analyte is taken up during the last stage of the sample preparation. This composition can influence the\u00a0retention time and recovery and therefore also the matrix effect (in broad sense), LoQ\/LoD\u00a0and stability. The effect can be very serious in the case of UHPLC <a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"(4)\" data-content=\"(4) In the case of UHPLC the smaller changes in the injection solvent have stronger influence, especially if larger injection volume is used.\">(4)<\/a>\u00a0and is usually not that critical in the conventional HPLC.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Matrix effect in broad sense (sample matrix source)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>6 different sources<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Can be assessed under selectivity studies. Influences trueness\u00a0(recovery and ionization suppression), LoQ\/LoD<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #f5f5f5;\" colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mass spectrometry<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Drying gas temp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 10 \u00b0C<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Drying gas temperature can influence the analyte ionization efficiency in the ion source<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Nebulizer gas pressure\/flow rate<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Low<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>\u00b1 5 psi \/<\/p>\n<p>\u00b1 1 L\/min<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Nebulizer gas pressure\/flow rate can influence the analyte ionization efficiency in the ion source<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Ion source configuration (Nebulizer position)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>High (if configurations can vary)<\/p>\n<p>Not applicable (if fixed source)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>According to the ion source design. Should be varied if the source is used in different configurations.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Ion source configuration can influence the spray and ionization efficiency in the ion source<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Ion source condition (Nebulizer aging, ion source contamination)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>High<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>After analysis of samples versus cleaned system<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p>Contamination can spontaneously accumulate when analyzing a series of samples.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><br>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>***<\/div>\n<div>(1)\u00a0This list is not exhaustive, there can be different other parameters that, depending on the situation, could be changed.\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>(2)\u00a0This grading is generic, corresponding to most common situations. In specific cases the grading can be different.\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>(3)\u00a0These extents of parameter variation can be considered as possible defaults. In practice different extents can be used, but they should be realistic.\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>(4) In the case of UHPLC the smaller changes in the injection solvent have stronger influence, especially if larger injection volume is used.<\/div>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group attached-files-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-a7101ece-957d-4e02-9cba-e218a238fcd3\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/130\/10.1_robustness_and_ruggedness_relation_to_lc-ms_method_development.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">10.1_robustness_and_ruggedness_relation_to_lc-ms_method_development.pdf<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Evaluation of ruggedness\u00a0and\u00a0robustness\u00a0is very important in the case of LC-MS, as there are large number of system parameters, some of which are difficult to control. As a result, some of the key performance characteristics are also difficult to control or &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":60,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/60"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1566,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions\/1566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/lcms_method_validation\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}