{"id":51,"date":"2024-04-04T07:50:48","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:50:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/87-keskkonnaprobleemid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T15:25:01","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T12:25:01","slug":"87-keskkonnaprobleemid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/87-keskkonnaprobleemid\/","title":{"rendered":"8.7. Keskkonnaprobleemid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Inimene m\u00f5jutab oma elutegevusega paratamatult ka teda \u00fcmbritsevat keskkonda. Maavarade kaevandamine ja metallide tootmine, toidu ja tarbekaupade tootmine ning transport \u2013 k\u00f5ik j\u00e4tab keskkonnale oma j\u00e4lje.\u00a0Kuigi on olemas ka looduslikke protsesse, mis keskkonda saastavad (n\u00e4iteks vulkaanipursked ja ulatuslikud maastikup\u00f5lengud), on peamine keemilise saaste allikas siiski inimtegevus. Millised on olulisemad keskkonnaprobleemid t\u00e4nap\u00e4eva maailmas ja mis neid p\u00f5hjustab, saadki teada sellest peat\u00fckist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tHappesademed\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><\/span>Happesademed on sademed, mille p<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">H on happelisem tavalisest vihmaveest. Tavalise vihmavee pH on umbes 5,6 ning see on p\u00f5hjustatud \u00f5hus olevast s\u00fcsinikdioksiidist, mis reageerides vihmaveega moodustab n\u00f5rga happe: s\u00fcsihappe. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">CO<sub>2 <\/sub>+ H<sub>2<\/sub>O <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"76\" height=\"62\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-107\" style=\"width: 16px;height: 13px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/kaks-noolt.png\" title=\"kaks-noolt.png\" alt=\"nooled\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">\u00a0H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Happesademete korral v\u00f5ib pH langeda ka alla 5 \u00fchiku. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Happesademed tekivad eelk\u00f5ige fossiilsete k\u00fctuste p\u00f5letamise tagaj\u00e4rjel. Fossiilsed k\u00fctused sisaldavad lisaks s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchenditele ka v\u00e4\u00e4vli- ja l\u00e4mmastiku\u00fchendeid. V\u00e4\u00e4vli\u00fchendite p\u00f5lemisel tekib eelk\u00f5ige v\u00e4\u00e4veldioksiid (SO<sub>2<\/sub>) ning l\u00e4mmastiku\u00fchendite oks\u00fcdeerumisel tekib mitmeid l\u00e4mmastikku sisaldavaid oksiide (NO, NO<sub>2<\/sub>). Nende oksiidide sattumisel \u00f5hku toimub oksiidi ja vee vaheline reaktsioon, mille tulemusena moodustuvad mitmesugused happed (H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, HNO<sub>3<\/sub>), mis vihmaveega koos alla sajavad (nt\u00a0SO<sub>2 <\/sub>+ H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>O \u2192 H<\/span><\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">SO<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tHappesademed p\u00f5hjustavad\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\ttaimede (eriti okaspuude) kahjustumist;\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tmulla ja veekogude happelisemaks muutumist, mis v\u00f5ib viia liigilise mitmekesisuse kahanemisele;\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tehitiste ja skulptuuride lagunemist, kui need on valmistatud karbonaatsetest kivimitest v\u00f5i marmorist;\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tmetallide ja nendest valmistatud esemete ja detailide korrosiooni kiirenemist.\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Happesademete tekke v\u00e4hendamiseks proovitakse asendada fossiilk\u00fctused alternatiivsete energiaallikate kasutuselev\u00f5tuga (p\u00e4ikese- ja tuuleenergia). Samuti rakendatakse mitmeid m\u00e4\u00e4rusi ja riikidevahelisi kokkuleppeid heitgaaside ja tehaste tootmistegevuse kontrollimiseks.<u> <\/u><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef4-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc6fedbaef4-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef4-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef4-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef4-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tVeekogude saastumine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Veekogusid reostavad heitveed (nii olmest kui t\u00f6\u00f6stusest), p\u00f5llumajanduskemikaalid (v\u00e4etised, taimekaitse- ja putukat\u00f5rjevahendid) ning nafta (nii tootmine kui transport). Keskendume siin\u00a0v\u00e4etiste m\u00f5jule. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">V\u00e4etised sisaldavad teatavasti taimedele olulisi toiteelemente (l\u00e4mmastikku, fosforit, kaaliumit). Kui me aga kasutame p\u00f5ldudel v\u00e4etisi suuremas koguses, kui on ette n\u00e4htud, j\u00f5uavad v\u00e4etusained n\u00e4iteks sademete veega ka erinevatesse veekogudesse. Seal suurendavad nad veekogude toitainesisaldust, mille tulemusena hakkavad vohama taimed ja vetikad, mis omakorda rikub veekogu liigilist mitmekesisust ja v\u00e4iksemate veekogude puhul v\u00f5ib l\u00f5puks viia veekogu soostumise ja kinnikasvamiseni. Meres v\u00f5ivad hakata aga vohama sinivetikad, mis on m\u00fcrgised. Samuti tarbitakse taimej\u00e4\u00e4nuste lagunemisel j\u00e4rjest rohkem vees lahustunud hapnikku ning hapnikuvaegus v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada vee-elustiku hukkumist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef9-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc6fedbaef9-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef9-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef9-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaef9-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tKasvuhooneefekt\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Kasvuhooneefekti p\u00f5hjustavad soojuskiirgust neelavad gaasid, mida nimetatakse ka kasvuhoonegaasideks. Need gaasid lasevad l\u00e4bi P\u00e4ikeselt Maale liikuvat valguskiirgust, kuid ei lase Maalt tagasipeegeldunud soojuskiirgust endast l\u00e4bi. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"974\" height=\"690\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-158\" style=\"width: 500px;height: 354px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.44.50.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.44.50.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.44.50.png 974w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.44.50-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.44.50-768x544.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tKasvuhooneefekt\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Peamised kasvuhoonegaasid on s\u00fcsihappegaas (CO<sub>2<\/sub>), metaan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) ja veeaur (H<sub>2<\/sub>O). Veel loetakse kasvuhoonegaaside hulka dil\u00e4mmastikoksiidi (N<sub>2<\/sub>O) ja osooni (O<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">S\u00fcsihappegaasi eraldub atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri fossiilsete k\u00fctuste p\u00f5letamise k\u00e4igus ning erinevatest t\u00f6\u00f6stusprotsessidest. S\u00fcsihappegaasi sisaldust atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ris t\u00f5stab ka metsade h\u00e4vitamine, kuna nii v\u00e4heneb CO<sub>2<\/sub> sidumine fotos\u00fcnteesi k\u00e4igus. V\u00e4ga suur osa metaani eraldub m\u00e4rgaladelt (soodelt), samuti pr\u00fcgilatest ning p\u00f5llumajandusest. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Mida rohkem satub atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri kasvuhoonegaase, seda rohkem soojeneb nii \u00f5hk kui ka kliima. Kliima soojenemine omakorda tingib \u00fchelt poolt k\u00f5rbestumist, kuid teiselt poolt ka \u00fcleujutusi madalamates piirkondades. M\u00f5lemad n\u00e4htused toovad omakorda kaasa suuri probleeme p\u00f5llumajanduses ja sellest tulenevalt elanikkonna varustamises toiduga. Paljude paikkondade elamisk\u00f5lbmatuks muutumine tingib aga ulatusliku r\u00e4nde ja sellest l\u00e4htuvad erinevad probleemid ning v\u00e4ljakutsed. Seet\u00f5ttu p\u00fc\u00fctaksegi saavutada riikide vahel kokkuleppeid CO<sub>2<\/sub> atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri paiskamise v\u00e4hendamiseks. 2015. aastal s\u00f5lmis n\u00e4iteks Euroopa Liit Pariisi kliimakokkuleppe, mille peamiseks eesm\u00e4rgiks on hoida \u00fclemaailmne keskmine \u00f5hutemperatuuri t\u00f5us sellel sajandil alla 2 \u00baC.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefb-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc6fedbaefb-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefb-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefb-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefb-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tOsoonikihi h\u00f5renemine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri \u00fclakihtides paiknev osoon (O<sub>3<\/sub>) on gaas, mis on v\u00f5imeline neelama P\u00e4ikeselt tulevat ultraviolettkiirgust (UV-kiirgust), kaitstes nii Maal elavaid organisme UV-kiirguse kahjuliku m\u00f5ju eest. Teda leidub \u00fclemistes atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri kihtides, umbes 20\u202630 km k\u00f5rgusel maapinnast. Seda ala nimetatakse ka osoonikihiks. Inimtegevuse tagaj\u00e4rjel on aga osoonisisaldus atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri k\u00f5rgemates kihtides v\u00e4henenud ehk on tekkinud osooniaugud.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Osoonikihi h\u00f5renemise p\u00f5his\u00fc\u00fcdlaseks peetakse freoone (klorofluoros\u00fcsinikud, nt\u00a0CCl<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub> ja CCl<sub>3<\/sub>F), mida varem kasutati n\u00e4iteks k\u00fclmutusseadmetes ja pihustites, kuid selliste ainete kasutamine keelustati 1987. aastal <span style=\"background:white\"><span style=\"color:#212529\">Montr\u00e9ali protokolliga. Veel lagundavad osoonikihti erinevad l\u00e4mmastiku\u00fchendid, mis enamasti satuvad \u00f5hku t\u00f6\u00f6stuse heitgaasidest. <\/span><\/span>Osooniaukude t\u00f5ttu satub maapinnale rohkem ultraviolettkiirgust, mis kahjustab organisme. Eelk\u00f5ige seostatakse UV-kiirgust nahav\u00e4hi sagenemisega. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefe-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc6fedbaefe-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefe-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 4<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefe-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc6fedbaefe-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Inimene m\u00f5jutab oma elutegevusega paratamatult ka teda \u00fcmbritsevat keskkonda. Maavarade kaevandamine ja metallide tootmine, toidu ja tarbekaupade tootmine ning transport \u2013 k\u00f5ik j\u00e4tab keskkonnale oma j\u00e4lje.\u00a0Kuigi on olemas ka looduslikke protsesse, mis keskkonda saastavad (n\u00e4iteks vulkaanipursked ja ulatuslikud maastikup\u00f5lengud), on &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-51","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":334,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/51\/revisions\/334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}