{"id":49,"date":"2024-04-04T07:50:48","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:50:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/85-polumeerid\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T09:50:21","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T06:50:21","slug":"85-polumeerid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/85-polumeerid\/","title":{"rendered":"8.5. Pol\u00fcmeerid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:0cm\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Nii meie sees kui ka meie \u00fcmber on palju \u00fchendeid, mille molekulid on v\u00e4ga suured ja kus saab tuvastada molekulist l\u00f5igu, mis terve ahela pikkuses kordub. Sellised ained on n\u00e4iteks meie organismis olevad valgud, taimede ehitusmaterjaliks olev tselluloos, k\u00f6\u00f6gikapis leiduv t\u00e4rklis, aga ka plastpakendid, pinnakattematerjalid, teflon jne. Mida pol\u00fcmeerid endast kujutavad, sellest annab \u00fclevaate j\u00e4rgmine video.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:0cm\">\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h6 style=\"border: none;margin-bottom: 0cm\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Allikas:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/p6VkeP8nHOU\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/p6VkeP8nHOU\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/p6VkeP8nHOU<\/a><br>\n<\/h6>\n<p>\n\tPol\u00fcmeerid on ained, mille v\u00e4ga suured molekulid koosnevad paljudest \u00fcksteisega kovalentsete sidemetega seotud v\u00e4ikeste molekulide j\u00e4\u00e4kidest.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tPol\u00fcmeeri tekkeks on tarvis monomeeri. Monomeer on v\u00e4ike molekul, mis on v\u00f5imeline liituma teiste molekulidega ja moodustama pikki omavahel seotud ahelaid. Pol\u00fcmeeride t\u00e4histamisel tuuakse nurksulgudes \u00e4ra elementaarl\u00fcli ehk korduv l\u00fcli pol\u00fcmeeri molekulis ja sulgude taga olev t\u00e4ht n (v\u00f5ib ulatuda k\u00fcmnete ja sadade tuhandeteni) n\u00e4itab monomeeride arvu, mis on omavahel \u00fchinedes moodustanud pol\u00fcmeeri molekuli.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"802\" height=\"290\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-147\" style=\"width: 415px;height: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.16.00.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.16.00.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.16.00.png 802w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.16.00-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.16.00-768x278.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\">\n<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none;margin-bottom: 10pt;text-align: center\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:black\">Pol\u00fcmeeri teke<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br>\n<\/h6>\n<h2>\n\tPol\u00fcmeeride tekkimine<br>\n<\/h2>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Vaatleme n\u00e4iteks sellise pol\u00fcmeeri nagu pol\u00fceteeni (igap\u00e4evaselt meile tuntud kui kile valmistamise tooraine) teket. Pol\u00fceteen tekib v\u00e4ga paljude eteeni (CH<sub>2<\/sub>=CH<sub>2<\/sub>) molekulide liitumisel. Kirjeldame protsessi kahe eteeni (monomeer) molekuli n\u00e4itel. M\u00f5lemad molekulid sisaldavad kahte s\u00fcsiniku aatomit ja \u00fchte nendevahelist kaksiksidet (lisaks ka nelja vesiniku aatomit). K\u00f5igepealt toimub monomeerides oleva kordse sideme l\u00f5hkumine, mille tulemusena j\u00e4\u00e4b \u00fcks sidet moodustav \u00fcksik elektron \u00fche s\u00fcsiniku aatomi juurde ja teine sidet moodustav \u00fcksik elektron teise s\u00fcsiniku aatomi juurde. Need elektronid on aga v\u00e4ga reaktsiooniv\u00f5imelised, kuna soovivad leida endale paarilist, millega \u00fchinedes moodustada keemiline side. Paarilise saavad nad teise eteeni molekuli \u00fcksiku elektroni n\u00e4ol ning kaks elektroni moodustavadki s\u00fcsinike aatomite vahele kovalentse sideme. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1322\" height=\"228\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-148\" style=\"width: 580px;height: 100px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.17.17.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.17.17.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.17.17.png 1322w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.17.17-300x52.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.17.17-1024x177.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.17.17-768x132.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1322px) 100vw, 1322px\">\n<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none;margin-bottom: 10pt;text-align: center\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:black\">Pol\u00fceteeni teke eteeni molekulide liitumisel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br>\n<\/h6>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc488069783-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc488069783-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc488069783-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc488069783-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc488069783-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Pol\u00fcmeeride liigitamine<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Pol\u00fcmeere saab liigitada algmaterjali p\u00f5hjal kaheks: looduslikud ja s\u00fcnteetilised pol\u00fcmeerid. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Looduslikest pol\u00fcmeeridest v\u00f5ib v\u00e4lja tuua inimese organismi jaoks\u00a0\u00fched t\u00e4htsaimad pol\u00fcmeerid \u2013\u00a0valgud. Valgud on ained, mis meie kehas katal\u00fc\u00fcsivad mitmeid reaktsioone, on ehitusmaterjaliks\u00a0jne. Valkude korral on monomeerideks aminohapped, mis \u00fchinedes moodustavad pol\u00fcmeere ja nii tekivadki valgud. Siin n\u00e4iteks on toodud neljast gl\u00fctsiini (aminohape) molekulist koosnev valk: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1172\" height=\"298\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-149\" style=\"width: 511px; height: 130px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.18.33.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.18.33.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.18.33.png 1172w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.18.33-300x76.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.18.33-1024x260.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.18.33-768x195.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1172px) 100vw, 1172px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Valgu struktuur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Teiseks inimese organismi jaoks v\u00e4ga oluliseks pol\u00fcmeeriks on nukleiinhapped (DNA ja RNA). DNA on meie organismis p\u00e4rilikku informatsiooni s\u00e4ilitav aine, RNA osaleb aga geneetilise informatsiooni t\u00f5lkijana.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"370\" height=\"373\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-150\" title=\"dna-skeem2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/dna-skeem2.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/dna-skeem2.png 370w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/dna-skeem2-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/dna-skeem2-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">DNA struktuur. Allikas: <\/span><\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA\">https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DNA<\/a> <\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Veel on \u00fcheks oluliseks looduslikuks pol\u00fcmeeriks t\u00e4rklis. T\u00e4rklisega oled Sa ilmselt kokku puutunud k\u00f6\u00f6gis toimetades. T\u00e4rklist kasutab laialdaselt toorainena n\u00e4iteks ravimi- ja paberit\u00f6\u00f6stus. Taimedes on t\u00e4rklis varuaine. T\u00e4rklise korral moodustavad pol\u00fcmeeri gl\u00fckoosi molekulid.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-151\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.21.17.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.21.17.png\" alt=\"pilt\" width=\"600\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.21.17.png 1354w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.21.17-300x94.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.21.17-1024x322.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.21.17-768x242.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">T\u00e4rklis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Ehituslikult suhteliselt sarnane t\u00e4rklisega on tselluloos, mis moodustab taimedes rakukesti. Tselluloosi kasutatakse paberi ja papi, tsellofaani, tehiskiudainete (tehissiid) ja paljude keemiat\u00f6\u00f6stuses valmistatavate\u00a0 toodete l\u00e4hteainena.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-152\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.22.18.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.22.18.png\" alt=\"pilt\" width=\"601\" height=\"189\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.22.18.png 1354w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.22.18-300x94.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.22.18-1024x322.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.22.18-768x242.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Tselluloos<\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Igap\u00e4evaelus tunned Sa kindlasti ka p\u00e4ris paljusid s\u00fcnteetilisi pol\u00fcmeere, neist k\u00f5ige tuntumad on plastmassid, kummid, liimid ja s\u00fcnteetilised riidekiud.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Plastmasside maailm on v\u00e4ga kirju \u2013 nii oma esindajate arvukuse kui ka v\u00e4limuse poolest. Pangakaartidest pr\u00fcgikottideni ja m\u00e4nguasjadest autodetailideni \u2013 plastmassid \u00fcmbritsevad meid k\u00f5ikjal. Peaaegu k\u00f5ik plastmassid on toodetud naftasaadustest.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Liimide koostises k\u00f5ige levinum pol\u00fcmeer on pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclatsetaat (pakenditele m\u00e4rgitud kui PVA, \u00f5ige l\u00fchend PVAc), mida v\u00f5ib leida puidu- ja paberiliimides. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-153\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.23.12.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.23.12.png\" alt=\"pilt\" width=\"271\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.23.12.png 402w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_10.23.12-283x300.png 283w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 271px) 100vw, 271px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclatsetaat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">S\u00fcnteetilistest riidekiududest oled aga kindlasti kokku puutunud pol\u00fcester-, pol\u00fcamiid- ja akr\u00fc\u00fclkiust valmistatud r\u00f5ivaesemetega. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc488069788-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc488069788-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc488069788-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc488069788-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc488069788-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nii meie sees kui ka meie \u00fcmber on palju \u00fchendeid, mille molekulid on v\u00e4ga suured ja kus saab tuvastada molekulist l\u00f5igu, mis terve ahela pikkuses kordub. Sellised ained on n\u00e4iteks meie organismis olevad valgud, taimede ehitusmaterjaliks olev tselluloos, k\u00f6\u00f6gikapis leiduv &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":550,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49\/revisions\/550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}