{"id":43,"date":"2024-04-04T07:50:47","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:50:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/74-alkoholid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T15:25:02","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T12:25:02","slug":"74-alkoholid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/74-alkoholid\/","title":{"rendered":"7.4. Alkoholid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:0cm\">\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Hakkame tegelema teise \u00fchendite klassiga orgaanilise keemia valdkonnast. S\u00fcsivesinikud on Sul juba selged ja nii ongi v\u00e4ga lihtne minna s\u00fcsivesinikelt \u00fcle alkoholidele. \u00dclevaate alkoholidest annab Sulle j\u00e4rgmine video.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"border:none;margin-bottom:0cm\">\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"border: none;margin-bottom: 0cm\">\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Allikas: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wFFLjzf8SSA\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wFFLjzf8SSA\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:#0563c1\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/wFFLjzf8SSA<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAlkoholide m\u00f5iste, struktuur ja nimetamine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><\/span>Alkoholid on s\u00fcsivesinikest tuletat<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">ud \u00fchendid, kus \u00fcks v\u00f5i mitu vesiniku aatomit on asendatud h\u00fcdroks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmaga (-OH).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Kui v\u00f5tta n\u00e4iteks k\u00f5ige lihtsam s\u00fcsivesinik \u2013 metaan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) ja asendada tema molekulis \u00fcks vesiniku aatom h\u00fcdroks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmaga, siis saamegi vastava alkoholi:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"844\" height=\"252\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-119\" style=\"width: 335px;height: 100px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.48.49.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.48.49.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.48.49.png 844w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.48.49-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.48.49-768x229.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 844px) 100vw, 844px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tMetaanist saab metanool\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Alkoholide nimetamisel l\u00e4htutakse s\u00fcsivesinike nimetustest, lisades s\u00fcsivesiniku nimetusele l\u00f5ppliite -ool. N\u00e4iteks: propaan\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u00a0propanool.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Alkoholide korral on samuti v\u00f5imalik koostada nende tasapinnalisi, lihtsustatud ja summaarseid valemeid. N\u00e4iteks butanooli (4 C aatomit sisaldav alkohol) tasapinnaline struktuurivalem on j\u00e4rgmine:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"626\" height=\"284\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" style=\"width: 220px;height: 100px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.51.09.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.51.09.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.51.09.png 626w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-18_at_08.51.09-300x136.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tButanool\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">lihtsustatud struktuurivalem selline:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">ja summaarne struktuurivalem C<sub>4<\/sub>H<sub>10<\/sub>O.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc491c19d6c-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc491c19d6c-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc491c19d6c-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc491c19d6c-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc491c19d6c-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n<h2>\r\n\tEtanool\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Alkoholide k\u00f5ige tuntum esindaja on etanool (CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH), mille rahvap\u00e4rane nimetus on piiritus. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"432\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-121\" style=\"width: 250px;height: 186px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/etanool.gif\" title=\"etanool.gif\" alt=\"pilt\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tEtanooli molekulmudel\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Etanool on iseloomuliku maitse ja l\u00f5hnaga vedelik, mis seguneb veega igas vahekorras ning segunemist p\u00f5hjustab etanooli h\u00fcdrofiilsus. Etanooli vesilahus on neutraalne (pH=7). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Etanool p\u00f5leb ning tema t\u00e4ieliku p\u00f5lemise k\u00e4igus moodustuvad s\u00fcsihappegaas ja vesi. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>OH + 3O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span> \u2192 2CO<\/span><\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\"> + 3H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc491c19d71-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc491c19d71-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc491c19d71-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc491c19d71-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc491c19d71-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Etanooli saadakse protsessi k\u00e4igus, mida nimetatakse alkoholk\u00e4\u00e4rimiseks. Alkoholk\u00e4\u00e4rimine leiab aset nii \u00f5lle kui ka veini valmistamisel, kus p\u00e4rmseened muudavad lisatud suhkru etanooliks ja s\u00fcsihappegaasiks: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\",serif\">C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub> \u2192\u00a02CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>OH + 2CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">suhkur\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 etanool\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s\u00fcsihappegaas<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Oluline on siinkohal meeles pidada, et kogu protsess peab toimuma hapnikuvabas keskkonnas, kuna vastasel korral ei teki mitte etanool vaid orgaaniline hape, mida rahvasuus nimetatakse \u00e4\u00e4dikhappeks. Veini valmistamisel saavad p\u00e4rmseened vajaliku suhkru (gl\u00fckoosi) marjade v\u00f5i puuviljade mahlast. Ajalooliselt on Eestis valmistatud etanooli ka kartulitest ja teraviljast, kuid sel juhul on protsess natukene pikem, kuna k\u00f5igepealt lagundatakse t\u00e4rklis gl\u00fckoosiks ning alles seej\u00e4rel toimub alkoholk\u00e4\u00e4rimine.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Etanooli kasutatakse k\u00fctusena. N\u00e4iteks koolis keemiatundides katsete tegemisel kasutatavates piirituslampides on p\u00f5levaks aineks just nimelt piiritus. Ladina-Ameerika riikides kasutatakse etanooli ka mootorik\u00fctusena, kuna selle tootmine suhkruroost on niiv\u00f5rd odav. Samuti kasutatakse etanooli lahustina nii koolikeemias, meditsiinis (desinfitseerivad vahendid), kosmeetikat\u00f6\u00f6stuses kui ka v\u00e4rvide lahustamisel. Peamine etanooli kasutusvaldkond on siiski alkohoolsete jookide tootmine. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAlkoholi f\u00fcsioloogiline toime\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Alkohoolsete jookide tarvitamine kahjustab suurel m\u00e4\u00e4ral inimese organismi. V\u00e4ga tugevalt m\u00f5jutab etanool keskn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi, mis omakorda tingib k\u00f5rvalekaldeid kogu organismi t\u00f6\u00f6s:\u00a0koordinatsioon ja liigutuste t\u00e4psus halvenevad, reaktsioonikiirus aeglustub, ilmneda v\u00f5ivad olukorrale mittevastavad k\u00e4itumisviisid ja k\u00f5neprobleemid. Samuti kahjustab alkohol mitmeid\u00a0organeid (magu, maks, s\u00fcda). Suured alkoholikogused v\u00f5ivad viia teadvuse kaotuse ja alkoholim\u00fcrgistuseni ning l\u00f5ppeda ka surmaga. Kuna alkohol p\u00f5hjustab s\u00f5ltuvust, kujuneb pikaaegsel alkoholitarbimisel v\u00e4lja alkoholism. Isiklike terviseprobleemide k\u00f5rval m\u00f5jutab liigne alkoholitarbimine ka \u00fchiskonda, p\u00f5hjustades kuritegevuse kasvu, \u00f5nnetuste (tule-,\u00a0vee- ja liiklus\u00f5nnetused) sagenemist ja sotsiaal- ning tervisevaldkonna kulutuste t\u00f5usu (abirahad, haigush\u00fcvitised\u00a0jne). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc491c19d73-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc491c19d73-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc491c19d73-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc491c19d73-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc491c19d73-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hakkame tegelema teise \u00fchendite klassiga orgaanilise keemia valdkonnast. S\u00fcsivesinikud on Sul juba selged ja nii ongi v\u00e4ga lihtne minna s\u00fcsivesinikelt \u00fcle alkoholidele. \u00dclevaate alkoholidest annab Sulle j\u00e4rgmine video. Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega. Muuda n\u00f5usolekut Allikas: https:\/\/youtu.be\/wFFLjzf8SSA Alkoholide &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-43","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=43"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":353,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/43\/revisions\/353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}