{"id":39,"date":"2024-04-04T07:50:47","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:50:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/71-susinik-lihtainena\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T11:15:32","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T08:15:32","slug":"71-susinik-lihtainena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/71-susinik-lihtainena\/","title":{"rendered":"7.1. S\u00fcsinik lihtainena"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">S\u00fcsinik on looduses k\u00fcllaltki levinud element: teda esineb nii ehedalt kui ka \u00fchendite koostises<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\" style=\"color: black;\">. <\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">S\u00fcsiniku \u00fchendid kuuluvad k\u00f5igi organismide koostisesse ja sellest tulenevalt nimetatakse s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendeid tihti ka orgaanilisteks \u00fchenditeks. Kuid enne s\u00fcsiniku \u00fchendite juurde j\u00f5udmist tutvume s\u00fcsiniku kui lihtainega. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Allikas: <\/span><\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jsMfqaUqGLk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jsMfqaUqGLk\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: #1155cc;\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/jsMfqaUqGLk<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/h6>\n<figure id=\"attachment_103\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-103\" style=\"width: 192px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-103\" title=\"S\u00fcsinik\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.01.55.png\" alt=\"S\u00fcsinik.\" width=\"192\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.01.55.png 310w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.01.55-300x283.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 192px) 100vw, 192px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-103\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">S\u00fcsinik<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">S\u00fcsinik on mittemetalliline element, mis asub perioodilisustabeli\u00a0IVA r\u00fchmas 2. perioodis. Sellest tulenevat paiknevad tema aatomi elektronkattes elektronid kahes kihis, kusjuures v\u00e4lises elektronkihis on neli elektroni, seega\u00a0saab s\u00fcsinik moodustada teiste aatomitega neli kovalentset sidet.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Kaks s\u00fcsiniku t\u00e4htsamat lihtainet on teemant ja grafiit. Neid nimetatakse ka s\u00fcsiniku allotroopideks.<\/span><\/span> <\/span>Allotroopia<span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"> on n\u00e4htus, kus \u00fcks keemiline element esineb mitme erineva lihtainena. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc488273dcb-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc488273dcb-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc488273dcb-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc488273dcb-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc488273dcb-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Teemant<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_104\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-104\" style=\"width: 178px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-104\" title=\"Teemant\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.03.33.png\" alt=\"Teemant.\" width=\"178\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.03.33.png 310w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.03.33-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.03.33-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 178px) 100vw, 178px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-104\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teemant<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Kuna s\u00fcsiniku aatom saab\u00a0moodustada neli sidet, on teemandi kristallv\u00f5res iga s\u00fcsiniku aatom seotud nelja naabers\u00fcsiniku aatomiga. Sidemed paigutuvad \u00fcksteisest v\u00f5imalikult kaugele ja s\u00fcsiniku aatomid on suunatud v\u00f5rdk\u00fclgse tetraeedri tippudesse. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Teemandi omadused on j\u00e4rgmised:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">K\u00f5ige k\u00f5vem aine, mida looduses leidub. Teemandi k\u00f5vadus tuleneb sellest, et s\u00fcsinikevahelised sidemed on \u00fchesugused tugevad kovalentsed sidemed. Teemandi k\u00f5vadust kasutatakse \u00e4ra l\u00f5ikamis- ja lihvimist\u00f6\u00f6riistade v\u00f5i puuriotste valmistamisel.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Ei juhi elektrit, sest tal pole vabu elektrone. Sellest tulenevalt kasutatakse teda kallimates seadmetes isolaatorina.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Hea soojusjuht ning t\u00e4nap\u00e4eval kasutatakse teda suure v\u00f5imsusega integreeritud vooluahelates.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">V\u00e4rvitu ja l\u00e4bipaistev ning murrab h\u00e4sti valgust, mist\u00f5ttu kasutatakse teda kallimates optikaseadmetes.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Teemandi korrap\u00e4rasel lihvimisel saadakse briljant, mida kasutatakse ehete valmistamisel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Grafiit\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_105\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-105\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-105\" title=\"Grafiit\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.05.44.png\" alt=\"Grafiit.\" width=\"240\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.05.44.png 366w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.05.44-300x207.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-105\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grafiit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Grafiidi kristallis paiknevad s\u00fcsiniku aatomid kihtidena. Kihi piires moodustavad s\u00fcsiniku aatomid korrap\u00e4raseid kuusnurki. Kihid on aga omavahel seotud n\u00f5rkade j\u00f5ududega, mist\u00f5ttu grafiit l\u00f5heneb kergesti. Sellest tuleneb grafiidi kasutamine\u00a0pliiatsis\u00fcdamikes ning tahke m\u00e4\u00e4rdeainena. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Grafiidi omadused on j\u00e4rgmised:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Juhib elektrit, kuna sidemetega on seotud ainult kolm v\u00e4liskihi elektroni neljast ning sellest tulenevalt esineb grafiidis vabu elektrone. Elektrijuhtivuse t\u00f5ttu kasutatakse grafiiti n\u00e4iteks patareides (elektroodide valmistamisel).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">K\u00f5rge sulamistemperatuur (lihtainetest k\u00f5ige k\u00f5rgem: ligikaudu 3600\u00baC). Seet\u00f5ttu kasutatakse grafiiti tiiglite valmistamiseks, kus saab sulatada k\u00f5rge sulamistemperatuuriga metalle. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc488273dd0-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc488273dd0-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc488273dd0-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc488273dd0-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc488273dd0-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>\n\tTeised allotroobid<br>\n<\/h2>\n<p style=\"border:none\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:black\">Ekslikult on peetud s\u00fcsiniku allotroobiks ka s\u00fctt, kuid s\u00fcsi koosneb peamiselt <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">v\u00e4ikestest<span style=\"color:black\"> grafiidikristallikestest, sisaldades ka mitmesuguseid muid lisandeid. S\u00fcsi tekib orgaaniliste ainete kuumutamisel \u00f5hu juurdep\u00e4\u00e4suta. S\u00fcsi on v\u00e4ga poorne ja seet\u00f5ttu on tal v\u00f5ime siduda endasse erinevaid aineid. Kui s\u00f6e poorid puhastada, saadakse aktiivs\u00fcsi, mida kasutatakse n\u00e4iteks nii seedeorganites kahjulike ainete sidumiseks s\u00f6etablettidena kui ka s\u00f6efiltritena \u00f5hupuhastites.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">S\u00fcsiniku huvitavamad lihtained on veel grafeen ja fullereen. Grafeen kujutab endast vaid \u00fchte grafiidikihti. Fullereenid on kerakujulised s\u00fcsiniku molekulid, kus s\u00fcsinike aatomite arv algab mitmek\u00fcmnest. M\u00f5lemaid kasutatakse nanotehnoloogias ning kuna tegemist on orgaanilise materjaliga, k\u00e4ib arendust\u00f6\u00f6 j\u00f5udsalt. Grafeeni proovib enda jaoks kasutusk\u00f5lblikuks muuta energiat\u00f6\u00f6stus. Grafeen on v\u00e4ga hea elektrijuhtivuse ning l\u00e4bipaistvusega, mist\u00f5ttu saab grafeenist teha p\u00e4ikesepatareisid. Hetkel on fullereenide k\u00f5ige rohkem t\u00e4helepanu saav kasutusvaldkond meditsiinis, kuna loodetakse, et fullereenide abil saab antibiootikume siduda kehas olevate vastavate bakterite k\u00fclge ning nii teha ravi veelgi efektiivsemaks. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"924\" height=\"340\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-106\" style=\"width: 500px;height: 184px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.07.35.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.07.35.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.07.35.png 924w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.07.35-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-17_at_09.07.35-768x283.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 924px) 100vw, 924px\">\n<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none;margin-bottom: 10pt\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:black\">Grafeeni (vasakul) ja fullereeni (paremal) kristallstruktuur. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"line-height:normal\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\",serif\"><span style=\"color:black\">Allikas: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a data-url=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2017\/ta\/c7ta05387h#!divAbstract\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2017\/ta\/c7ta05387h#!divAbstract\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><span><span style=\"color:#0563c1\">https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2017\/ta\/c7ta05387h#!divAbstrac<\/span><\/span><\/a><br>\n<\/h6>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u00fcsinik on looduses k\u00fcllaltki levinud element: teda esineb nii ehedalt kui ka \u00fchendite koostises. S\u00fcsiniku \u00fchendid kuuluvad k\u00f5igi organismide koostisesse ja sellest tulenevalt nimetatakse s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendeid tihti ka orgaanilisteks \u00fchenditeks. Kuid enne s\u00fcsiniku \u00fchendite juurde j\u00f5udmist tutvume s\u00fcsiniku kui lihtainega. Kolmandate &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-39","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":614,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions\/614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}