{"id":17,"date":"2024-04-04T07:50:44","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:50:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/33-alused\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T09:27:48","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T06:27:48","slug":"33-alused","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/33-alused\/","title":{"rendered":"3.3. Alused"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\tIgap\u00e4evaelus kohtame aluseid harvemini\u00a0kui happeid. Aluseid sisaldavad n\u00e4iteks kodused puhastusvahendid.\u00a0<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">Alused on ained, mis annavad vesilahusesse h\u00fcdroksiidioone (OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup>-ioone). <\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">Tuntumad alused on h\u00fcdroksiidid, mis koosnevad metalli katioonist ja h\u00fcdroksiidioonist. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tKuidas aluseid nimetatakse ja millised on aluste keemilised omadused, vaata j\u00e4rgnevast videost.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h6 dir=\"ltr\">\n\tAllikas:\u00a0<a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ANIUet7khb8\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ANIUet7khb8\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/ANIUet7khb8<\/a><br>\n<\/h6>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\">\n\tNimetamine ja valemite koostamine<br>\n<\/h2>\n<h5>\n\tAluste\u00a0nimetuse \u00fcldkuju: metalli nimi + (o.a) + h\u00fcdroksiid<br>\n<\/h5>\n<p>\n\tAluste nimetamisel tuleb eelnevalt teada, kas alust moodustaval metallil on p\u00fcsiv v\u00f5i muutuv\u00a0oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste. Sellest tulenevalt on aluste nimetamiseks kaks v\u00f5imalust:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">1.\u00a0 Kui metallilisel elemendil on <strong>p\u00fcsiv oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste<\/strong>, antakse nimetus j\u00e4rgmiselt: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">metalli nimi + h\u00fcdroksiid.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">nt\u00a0NaOH \u2013 naatriumh\u00fcdroksiid, Al(OH)<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>\u2013 alumiiniumh\u00fcdroksiid<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">2. Kui metallilisel elemendil on <strong>muutuv oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste<\/strong>, m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse k\u00f5igepealt metalli o.a ning siis antakse nimetus j\u00e4rgmiselt:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">metalli nimi + (o.a) + h\u00fcdroksiid.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">nt\u00a0CuOH \u2013 vask(I)h\u00fcdroksiid, Fe(OH)<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>\u2013 raud(II)h\u00fcdroksiid.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tAluse valemi koostamist vaatame kaltsiumh\u00fcdroksiidi n\u00e4ite p\u00f5hjal.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t1. Valemi koostamisel kirjuta k<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">\u00f5igepealt \u00fcksteise k\u00f5rvale metalli katioon ning seej\u00e4rel h\u00fcdroksiidioon, <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">nt\u00a0Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">2. Kuna \u00fchend tervikuna peab olema neutraalne (kogu laeng peab = 0), tuleb \u201c2+\u201d laengule k\u00f5rvale v\u00f5tta \u201c2-\u201d laengut. Seega tuleb h\u00fcdroksiidioone\u00a0v\u00f5tta 2 t\u00fckki. T\u00e4htis on meeles pidada, et h\u00fcdroksiidioon on liitioon, mis koosneb hapnikust ja vesinikust, sellep\u00e4rast pane\u00a0OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup>-r\u00fchm\u00a0sulgudesse.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">Kogu eelnevat arutelu arvesse v\u00f5ttes on kaltsiumh\u00fcdroksiidi valem\u00a0Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc491b3afe4-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc491b3afe4-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc491b3afe4-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc491b3afe4-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc491b3afe4-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Liigitamine<\/h2>\n<p>Aluseid saab liigtada kaheks: tugevad ja n\u00f5rgad alused.<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><strong>Tugevad alused<\/strong> ehk leelised on vees h\u00e4sti lahustuvad h\u00fcdroksiidid. Tugevad alused on\u00a0IA r\u00fchma ja IIA r\u00fchma alates Ca-st\u00a0metallide h\u00fcdroksiidid (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Sr(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Ba(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">N\u00f5rgad alused<\/span><\/span><\/b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"> on\u00a0vees mittelahustuvad h\u00fcdroksiidid, nt Fe(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc491b3afea-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc491b3afea-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc491b3afea-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc491b3afea-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc491b3afea-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 514px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/plugins\/h5p\/h5p-php-library\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Aluste keemilised omadused<\/h2>\n<h5>ALUS + HAPE \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">1. <b>Alused reageerivad hapetega<\/b><strong>, tekivad sool ja vesi.<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">NaOH + HCl\u00a0 \u2192 NaCl + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">2LiOH + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192 Li<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Seda reaktsiooni nimetatakse ka neutralisatsioonireaktsiooniks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Vaata t\u00e4psemalt <\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\">hapete peat\u00fckist<\/a><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5>ALUS + HAPPELINE OKSIID \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">2. <b>Alused reageerivad happeliste oksiididega<\/b><strong>, moodustuvad sool ja vesi. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">2LiOH + CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 \u2192 Li<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + SO<sub>3<\/sub> \u2192 CaSO<sub>4<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Pea meeles, et moodustuv sool koosneb aluse katioonist ja happelisele oksiidile vastava\u00a0happe anioonist, mis on toodud <\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\">hapete peat\u00fckis<\/a><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"> olevas tabelis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5>ALUS $\\xrightarrow[]{temp.}$ ALUSELINE OKSIID + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">3. <b>Vees lahustumatud alused lagunevad kuumutamisel<\/b><strong>, tekivad aluseline oksiid ja vesi<i>.<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\" style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Fe(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow{temp.}$\u00a0FeO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow{temp.}$\u00a0CuO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc491b3afed-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc491b3afed-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc491b3afed-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc491b3afed-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc491b3afed-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>Vali antud l\u00e4hteainete p\u00f5hjal korrektne tasakaalustatud reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrand.<br><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 271px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/plugins\/h5p\/h5p-php-library\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Igap\u00e4evaelus kohtame aluseid harvemini\u00a0kui happeid. Aluseid sisaldavad n\u00e4iteks kodused puhastusvahendid.\u00a0Alused on ained, mis annavad vesilahusesse h\u00fcdroksiidioone (OH\u2013-ioone). Tuntumad alused on h\u00fcdroksiidid, mis koosnevad metalli katioonist ja h\u00fcdroksiidioonist. Kuidas aluseid nimetatakse ja millised on aluste keemilised omadused, vaata j\u00e4rgnevast videost. Kolmandate &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":534,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions\/534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}