{"id":14,"date":"2024-04-04T07:50:44","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:50:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/14-gaaside-omadused-ja-saamine\/"},"modified":"2024-06-13T10:14:41","modified_gmt":"2024-06-13T07:14:41","slug":"14-gaaside-omadused-ja-saamine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/14-gaaside-omadused-ja-saamine\/","title":{"rendered":"1.4. Gaaside omadused ja saamine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Meid \u00fcmbritsev \u00f5hk on gaaside segu. Selle teema raames \u00f5pimegi, millistest ainetest \u00f5hk koosneb, mis on \u00f5hu koostisosade peamised omadused ja kuidas keemialaborites erinevaid gaase kogutakse. J\u00e4rgnev video tutvustabki k\u00f5ike seda.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Allikas:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Sv7qogcigjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Sv7qogcigjg\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Sv7qogcigjg<\/a><\/h6>\n<h2>\u00d5hu koostis<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Kuiv \u00f5hk koosneb peamiselt l\u00e4mmastikust ja hapnikust ning v\u00e4hesel m\u00e4\u00e4ral ka argoonist ja s\u00fcsihappegaasist. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"824\" height=\"604\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-88\" style=\"width: 409px; height: 300px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-11_at_16.16.21.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_16.16.21.png\" alt=\"\u00d5hu koostis\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_16.16.21.png 824w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_16.16.21-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_16.16.21-768x563.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 824px) 100vw, 824px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00d5hu koostis<\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Puhas \u00f5hk on l\u00e4bipaistev, v\u00e4rvuseta, maitseta ja l\u00f5hnata gaaside segu. Kuna \u00f5hul ei ole meeleorganitega tunnetatavaid omadusi, peavad j\u00e4relikult selliste omadustega olema ka tema peamised koostisosad: l\u00e4mmastik ja hapnik. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_86\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-86\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-86 size-medium\" title=\"Kolmekordne kovalentne side\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.28.56-300x80.png\" alt=\"Kolmekordne kovalentne side.\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.28.56-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.28.56.png 390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-86\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kolmekordne kovalentne side.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">\u00d5hus on k\u00f5ige rohkem l\u00e4mmastikku, seda umbes 78 mahuprotsenti. L\u00e4mmastik on kaheaatomiline molekul, mis on keemiliselt v\u00e4ga v\u00e4he aktiivne, kuna kahe l\u00e4mmastiku aatomi vahel on kolmekordne kovalentne side. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Sellest tulenevalt ei reageeri l\u00e4mmastik tavatingimustel enamiku ainetega. Siiski on l\u00e4mmastik elusorganismidele vajalik, kuna kuulub valkude koostisesse ning on ka taimedele vajalik toiteelement.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_87\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-87\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-87 size-medium\" title=\"Kahekordne keemiline side\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.29.37-300x80.png\" alt=\"Kahekordne keemiline side.\" width=\"300\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.29.37-300x80.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.29.37.png 390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-87\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kahekordne keemiline side.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Hapnikku on kuivas \u00f5hus umbes 21 mahuprotsenti ehk ligikaudu 1\/5. Sarnaselt l\u00e4mmastikuga on ka hapnik kaheaatomiline molekul, kuid keemiliselt m\u00e4rgatavalt aktiivsem. Hapniku molekulis on aatomite vahel kahekordne keemiline side.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Kindlasti on hapnik eluslooduse jaoks t\u00e4htsaim \u00f5hu koostisosa, kuna hapnikku vajavad elusorganismid hingamiseks. Samuti on hapnikul oluline roll paljude ainete tootmisel v\u00f5i energia saamisel, kuna p\u00f5lemisprotsessid vajavad toimumiseks hapnikku. Kaheaatomiline hapnik ei ole aga ainus gaasiline lihtaine, mis koosneks ainult hapniku aatomitest. Atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ris on m\u00f5ningal m\u00e4\u00e4ral ka kolmest hapniku aatomist koosnevat osooni (O<sub>3<\/sub>). Osoon on sinakas, \u201eelektri\u201c l\u00f5hnaga gaas, mis on keemiliselt v\u00e4ga aktiivne. Teda leidub atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri \u00fclemistes kihtides, umbes 20\u201330 km k\u00f5rgusel maapinnast. Seda ala nimetatakse ka osoonikihiks. Osooniaukude t\u00f5ttu satub maapinnale rohkem ultraviolettkiirgust, mis kahjustab organisme. Eelk\u00f5ige seostatakse UV-kiirgust nahav\u00e4hi sagenemisega. Osooni kahjulikku m\u00f5ju organismidele kasutatakse aga n\u00e4iteks basseinide desinfitseerimisel kloori asemel,\u00a0kuna erinevalt kloorist ei tekita osoon ebameeldivat l\u00f5hna ega \u00e4rrita silmi. Samas peab olema ettevaatlik osooni kogusega, mida kasutatakse, sest liialt suur kogus sissehingatavat osooni v\u00f5ib p\u00f5hjustada mitmesuguseid haigusi. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0bb-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc5c392f0bb-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0bb-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0bb-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0bb-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>\n\tHapniku saamine ja gaaside kogumine<br>\n<\/h2>\n<p>\n\tHapnik on oluline gaas p\u00f5lemisprotsessides.\u00a0Kuidas hapnik tekib? Looduses tekib hapnik fotos\u00fcnteesil ning tavaliselt on\u00a0p\u00f5lemise jaoks piisavalt hapnikku. M\u00f5nel juhul, n\u00e4iteks meditsiinis v\u00f5i allveelaevadel, on vaja aga puhast hapnikku. Sel juhul eraldatakse hapnikku \u00f5hust. Keemialaboris saadakse hapnikku aga hapnikurikaste \u00fchendite lagunemisreaktsioonidel. Lagunemisreaktsioon on keemiline reaktsioon, mille k\u00e4igus aine laguneb kaheks v\u00f5i enamaks aineks. \u00dcheks heaks n\u00e4iteks on kaaliumpermanganaadi lagunemine kuumutamisel<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\"> (2KMnO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"50\" height=\"70\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-84\" style=\"width: 18px;height: 25px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-01-03_at_10.03.44.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-01-03_at_10.03.44.png\" alt=\"pilt\">\u00a0<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">K<sub>2<\/sub>MnO<sub>4 <\/sub>+ MnO<sub>2<\/sub> + O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>\u2191). Samuti saame hapnikku\u00a0vesinikperoksiidi\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">lagunemisel\u00a0(2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u2192<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\"> 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O + O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>\u2191).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Kuidas aga koguda hapnikku? Kuna hapniku tihedus on \u00f5hu tihedusest suurem, saab teda koguda p\u00fcstisesse katseklaasi, kust ta t\u00f5rjub \u00f5hu ehk v\u00e4iksema tihedusega gaasi v\u00e4lja. Gaaside kogumisel rakendatakse j\u00e4rgnevat loogikat: \u00f5hust suurema tihedusega gaase saab koguda katseklaasi suue \u00fclespoole ning \u00f5hust v\u00e4iksema tihedusega gaase saab koguda katseklaasi suue allapoole. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1240\" height=\"518\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-85\" style=\"width: 600px;height: 251px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.14.49.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.14.49.png\" alt=\"\u00d5hust v\u00e4iksema tihedusega gaasi kogumine. \u00d5hust suurema tihedusega gaasi kogumine.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.14.49.png 1240w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.14.49-300x125.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.14.49-1024x428.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/546\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_15.14.49-768x321.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\">\n<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<em> \u00a0 \u00a0<\/em> \u00d5hust v\u00e4iksema tihedusega gaasi kogumine\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00d5hust suurema tihedusega gaasi kogumine<br>\n<\/h6>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Aga kuidas saada teada, kas gaasi tihedus on \u00f5hu tihedusest suurem v\u00f5i v\u00e4iksem? Selleks tuleb Sulle appi perioodilisustabel ja molekulmass.<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\"> Molekulmass saadakse aine koostisesse kuuluvate aatomite aatommasside kokkuliitmisel.\u00a0\u00d5hu keskmiseks molekulmassiks loetakse 29. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">M<sub>r<\/sub>(\u00f5hk) = 29<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">N\u00e4iteks O<sub>2<\/sub> koosneb kahest hapniku aatomist, j\u00e4relikult tema molekulmass on 16 korda 2 ehk 32 ja seega on ta \u00f5hust tihedam. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">M<sub>r<\/sub>(O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>) = 16<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>$\\times $<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>2 = 32<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Vesiniku (H<sub>2<\/sub>) molekulmass on aga 2 ehk ta on \u00f5hust h\u00f5redam\u00a0ning tema kogumiseks tuleb kasutada katseklaasi, mille suue on suunatud allapoole. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">M<sub>r<\/sub>(H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>) = 1<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>$\\times $<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span>2 = 2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Selleks, et koguda puhtamaid gaase (ilma lisanditeta), rakendatakse tihti meetodit, kus kogutav gaas juhitakse l\u00e4bi vee. Oluline on aru saada, et gaasi saab koguda l\u00e4bi vee ainult siis, kui see gaas vees ei lahustu. Tuntuimatest gaasidest ei lahustu h\u00e4sti vees\u00a0hapnik (O<sub>2<\/sub>), vesinik (H<sub>2<\/sub>), l\u00e4mmastik (N<sub>2<\/sub>) ja metaan (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) ning neid gaase saame koguda l\u00e4bi vee. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0cc-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc5c392f0cc-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0cc-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0cc-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc5c392f0cc-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p>\n\t<span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:150%\"><span style=\",serif\">Kuidas me aga teame, et kogutud gaas on hapnik? Hapnik on\u00a0vajalik gaas p\u00f5lemiseks ning seega saab teda t\u00f5estada\u00a0h\u00f5\u00f5guva puupirruga. Kui anumas on puhas hapnik, s\u00fcttib puupird eredalt p\u00f5lema.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Meid \u00fcmbritsev \u00f5hk on gaaside segu. Selle teema raames \u00f5pimegi, millistest ainetest \u00f5hk koosneb, mis on \u00f5hu koostisosade peamised omadused ja kuidas keemialaborites erinevaid gaase kogutakse. J\u00e4rgnev video tutvustabki k\u00f5ike seda. Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega. Muuda n\u00f5usolekut &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":276,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/276"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":566,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/14\/revisions\/566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}