{"id":62,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:20","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/79-polumeerid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T23:35:46","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:35:46","slug":"79-polumeerid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/79-polumeerid\/","title":{"rendered":"7.9. Pol\u00fcmeerid"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5>\r\n\tPol\u00fcmeerimolekul koosneb korduvatest l\u00f5ikudest (elementaarl\u00fclidest).\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tM\u00f5iste \u201cpol\u00fcmeer\u201c tuleneb kreekakeelsetest s\u00f5nadest <i>poly<\/i> (palju) ja <i>mer<\/i> (osi). Seega on pol\u00fcmeerid suure molekuliga ained, mis on tekkinud v\u00e4iksematest molekulidest (monomeeridest). Pol\u00fcmeerimolekuli moodustavad korduvad struktuuriosad: <b>monomeeridest<\/b> p\u00e4rinevad n-\u00f6 elementaarl\u00fclid.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tPol\u00fcmeeride kohta vaata l\u00e4hemalt j\u00e4rgmisest videost.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tAllikas:\u00a0<a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/uJg0-6MlFiA\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/uJg0-6MlFiA\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/uJg0-6MlFiA<\/a>\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tPol\u00fcmeeride molekulmassid algavad m\u00f5nest tuhandest ja suuremate molekulide korral ulatuvad miljonitesse. Ristseotud pol\u00fcmeeride korral on pol\u00fcmeeriahelad omavahel kovalentsete sidemetega seotud ja materjalis eraldiseisvaid molekule eristada ei saagi.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tPol\u00fcmeere saab jaotada nende p\u00e4ritolu (looduslik v\u00f5i s\u00fcnteetiline), l\u00e4htemonomeeri v\u00f5i pol\u00fcmerisatsioonireaktsiooni t\u00fc\u00fcbi j\u00e4rgi, struktuuri alusel (lineaarne, hargnenud v\u00f5i ristseotud) jne. Pol\u00fcmeeride peamine rakendusvaldkond on erinevate pol\u00fcmeersete materjalide (plastid, kummid jt) valmistamine (neis on pol\u00fcmeer p\u00f5hikomponent). Eluslooduse seisukohast on eriti olulised biopol\u00fcmeerid: nukleiinhapped (DNA ja RNA), valgud ja pol\u00fcsahhariidid (nt tselluloos, t\u00e4rklis ja kitiin).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tTehispol\u00fcmeeridest on k\u00f5ige levinumad ja tuntumad alkeenide pol\u00fcmerisatsioonil saadavad pol\u00fcmeerid. Nelja k\u00f5ige olulisema tehispol\u00fcmeeri saamist kujutavad j\u00e4rgmised skeemid. <i>n<\/i> t\u00e4histab neis skeemides reageerivate monomeeride arvu.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<br><i>n<\/i> CH<sub>2<\/sub>=CH<sub>2<\/sub> <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192<\/span> [CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CH<sub>2<\/sub>]<i><sub>n<\/sub><\/i>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"184\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-382\" style=\"width: 282px;height: 70px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.23.45.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.23.45.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.23.45.png 740w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.23.45-300x75.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 1. Pol\u00fceteeni (pol\u00fcet\u00fcleeni) saamine\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<br><i>n<\/i> CH<sub>2<\/sub>=CH\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub> <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192<\/span> [CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CH(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)]<i><sub>n<\/sub><\/i>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"770\" height=\"246\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-383\" style=\"width: 313px;height: 100px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.25.17.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.25.17.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.25.17.png 770w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.25.17-300x96.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.25.17-768x245.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 2. Pol\u00fcpropeeni (pol\u00fcprop\u00fcleeni) saamine\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<br><i>n<\/i> CH<sub>2<\/sub>=CH\u2013Cl <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192<\/span> [CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CHCl]<i><sub>n<\/sub><\/i>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"270\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-384\" style=\"width: 355px;height: 110px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.26.52.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.26.52.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.26.52.png 872w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.26.52-300x93.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.26.52-768x238.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 3. Pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriidi saamine\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<br><i>n<\/i> C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>\u2013CH=CH<sub>2<\/sub> <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192<\/span> [CH(C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>)\u2013CH<sub>2<\/sub>]<i><sub>n<\/sub><\/i>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"988\" height=\"458\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-385\" style=\"width: 400px;height: 185px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.28.06.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.28.06.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.28.06.png 988w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.28.06-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.28.06-768x356.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 4. Pol\u00fcst\u00fcreeni saamine\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tLiitumispol\u00fcmerisatsioonil\u00a0liituvad monomeerimolekulid \u00fcksteisega ja kaksiksidemed asenduvad \u00fcksiksidemetega.<br><br>Pol\u00fckondensatsioonil liituvad monomeerimolekulid \u00fcksteisega ja eraldub ka v\u00e4ikese molekulmassiga aine.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiitumispol\u00fcmerisatsioonil\u00a0liituvad monomeerimolekulid \u00fcksteisega, mille k\u00e4igus asenduvad kaksiksidemed \u00fcksiksidemetega. Pol\u00fckondensatsioonil liituvad monomeerimolekulid \u00fcksteisega ja eraldub ka v\u00e4ikese molekulmassiga aine.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlkeenid annavad liitumispol\u00fcmerisatsiooni, kuid lisaks liitumispol\u00fcmerisatsioonile on oluline pol\u00fcmeeride saamise viis <b>pol\u00fckondensatsioon<\/b>. Kondensatsiooniks nimetatakse reaktsiooni, kus kaks orgaanilist ainet \u00fchinevad ning teise saadusena eraldub v\u00e4ikese molekulmassiga aine (n\u00e4iteks vesi v\u00f5i HCl). Pol\u00fckondensatsiooni korral toimub rida j\u00e4rjestikuseid kondendatsioonireaktsioone ning moodustuvad pikad pol\u00fcmeeride ahelad. K\u00f5ige levinum on pol\u00fckondensatsioonil estrite (pol\u00fcestrid) v\u00f5i amiidide (pol\u00fcamiidid) valmistamine.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<br><em>n<\/em> HO\u2013CH(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)\u2013COOH <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192 <\/span>H-[-O\u2013CH(CH<sub>3<\/sub>)\u2013CO-]<i><sub>n<\/sub><\/i>-OH + <em>n<\/em> \u2013 1 H<sub>2<\/sub>O\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1584\" height=\"358\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-386\" style=\"width: 700px;height: 158px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30.png 1584w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30-300x68.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30-1024x231.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30-768x174.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.29.30-1536x347.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1584px) 100vw, 1584px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 5. Pol\u00fcestri tekke n\u00e4ide\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tPiimhappe karboks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmad ja h\u00fcdroks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmad moodustavad estersidemeid, mille l\u00e4bi tekivad pikad ahelad. Iga estersideme tekkel eraldub \u00fcks vee molekul. Kui tihti on probleemiks pol\u00fcmeeride v\u00e4ga aeglane lagunemine looduses, siis pol\u00fclaktaat ehk PLA on tuntuim n\u00e4ide biolagunevast pol\u00fcmeerist, sest estersidemed saavad h\u00fcdrol\u00fc\u00fcsuda, andes tagasi piimahappe.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tTeine n\u00e4ide pol\u00fckondensatsioonil saadavatest pol\u00fcmeeridest on pol\u00fcamiidid, mille \u00fche esindaja struktuur on toodud ka joonisel.<br>\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1650\" height=\"256\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-387\" style=\"width: 750px;height: 116px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51.png 1650w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51-300x47.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51-1024x159.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51-768x119.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.30.51-1536x238.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1650px) 100vw, 1650px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 6. Pol\u00fcamiidi struktuur\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tPol\u00fcamiidide ahelate vahel on vesiniksidemed, mis annavad neist valmistatud materjalidele erilise tugevuse. Tuntud pol\u00fcamiidid\u00a0on erinevad nailonid ja kevlar. Ka valgud on keemilise struktuuri poolest pol\u00fcamiidid.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56fa93d9f3-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56fa93d9f3-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56fa93d9f3-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56fa93d9f3-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56fa93d9f3-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pol\u00fcmeerimolekul koosneb korduvatest l\u00f5ikudest (elementaarl\u00fclidest). M\u00f5iste \u201cpol\u00fcmeer\u201c tuleneb kreekakeelsetest s\u00f5nadest poly (palju) ja mer (osi). Seega on pol\u00fcmeerid suure molekuliga ained, mis on tekkinud v\u00e4iksematest molekulidest (monomeeridest). Pol\u00fcmeerimolekuli moodustavad korduvad struktuuriosad: monomeeridest p\u00e4rinevad n-\u00f6 elementaarl\u00fclid. Pol\u00fcmeeride kohta vaata l\u00e4hemalt j\u00e4rgmisest &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-62","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":624,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/62\/revisions\/624"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}