{"id":57,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:19","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/74-aldehuudid-ja-ketoonid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T23:35:47","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:35:47","slug":"74-aldehuudid-ja-ketoonid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/74-aldehuudid-ja-ketoonid\/","title":{"rendered":"7.4. Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid ja ketoonid"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdi \u00fcldvalem: <span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\">R\u2013CHO<\/span><\/span><br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"162\" height=\"176\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-367\" style=\"width: 74px;height: 80px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.54.58.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.54.58.png\" alt=\"pilt\"><br>Ketooni \u00fcldvalem: <span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\">R<sup>1<\/sup>\u2013CO\u2013R<sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/span><br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"170\" height=\"176\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-368\" style=\"width: 77px;height: 80px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.56.02.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.56.02.png\" alt=\"pilt\">\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid ja ketoonid on orgaanilised ained, milles sisaldub\u00a0<b>karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm\u00a0C=O<\/b>. Karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmas on s\u00fcsiniku ja hapniku vahel kaksikside. Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdides on karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm s\u00fcsinikahela otsas ning vastav aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdr\u00fchm omab struktuuri \u2013CHO. Ketoonides on karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm s\u00fcsinikahela keskel (ketor\u00fchm \u2013CO\u2013).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdidest on tuntuim metanaal ehk formaldeh\u00fc\u00fcd (HCHO), mida kasutatakse n\u00e4iteks pol\u00fcmeersete materjalide l\u00e4hteainena. Metanaali vesilahust tuntakse formaliinina ja teda kasutatakse desinfitseerimiseks ning ka kudede s\u00e4ilitamisel (nt muuseumieksponaatide valmistamisel elunditest). Etanaal on aldeh\u00fc\u00fcd, mis on etanooli ainevahetuse vahesaadus (seostatakse nt pohmeluse tekkega).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tKetoonidest on tuntuim atsetoon, mis on levinud lahusti.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"784\" height=\"378\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-369\" style=\"width: 290px;height: 140px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.58.20.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.58.20.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.58.20.png 784w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.58.20-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_08.58.20-768x370.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tKarbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchma sisaldavad ained on k\u00fcll <b>polaarsed<\/b>, kuid nende ainete molekulid ei anna omavahel vesiniksidemeid. L\u00fchema ahelaga karbon\u00fc\u00fcl\u00fchendid lahustuvad siiski vees h\u00e4sti, sest karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchma hapnik v\u00f5ib anda vesiniksidet vees sisalduva vesinikuga.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d587e0d0885-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d587e0d0885-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d587e0d0885-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d587e0d0885-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d587e0d0885-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid ja ketoonid kui alkoholide oks\u00fcdeerumissaadused\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid ja ketoonid tekivad alkoholide <b>osalise oks\u00fcdeerumise<\/b> k\u00e4igus.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"648\" height=\"300\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-370\" style=\"width: 302px;height: 140px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.00.38.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.00.38.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.00.38.png 648w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.00.38-300x139.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 648px) 100vw, 648px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAlkoholide oks\u00fcdeerumisel tekivad aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid ja ketoonid.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tN\u00e4eme, et selle reaktsiooni k\u00e4igus kasvab algselt h\u00fcdroks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmaga seotud s\u00fcsiniku oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste ja tegemist on t\u00f5epoolest redoksreaktsiooniga.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid on head redutseerijad ja v\u00f5ivad edasi oks\u00fcdeeruda. Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdide edasisel osalisel oks\u00fcdeerumisel tekivad karboks\u00fc\u00fclhapped.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"478\" height=\"122\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-371\" style=\"width: 235px;height: 60px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.01.41.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.01.41.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.01.41.png 478w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-28_at_09.01.41-300x77.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAldeh\u00fc\u00fcdide oks\u00fcderumisel tekivad karboks\u00fc\u00fclhapped.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tNii oks\u00fcdeeritakse n\u00e4iteks etanool l\u00f5ppkokkuv\u00f5ttes etaanhappeks ehk \u00e4\u00e4dikhappeks. Ka organismi sattunud alkohol oks\u00fcdeeritakse esmalt aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdiks ja seej\u00e4rel karboks\u00fc\u00fclhappeks. Teatud bakterite kaasabil oks\u00fcdeeruvad \u00f5huhapniku toimel lahjad alkohoolsed joogid. Seda protsessi kasutatakse veini\u00e4\u00e4dika valmistamiseks.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tOn v\u00f5imalik l\u00e4bi viia ka toodud reaktsioonidele vastupidiseid reaktsioone. Nii karboks\u00fc\u00fclhappeid kui ka aldeh\u00fc\u00fcde ja ketoone saab \u00f5igetes tingimustes redutseerida ning saada nii n\u00e4iteks alkohole.\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d587e0d088d-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d587e0d088d-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d587e0d088d-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d587e0d088d-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d587e0d088d-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdi \u00fcldvalem: R\u2013CHOKetooni \u00fcldvalem: R1\u2013CO\u2013R2 Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdid ja ketoonid on orgaanilised ained, milles sisaldub\u00a0karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm\u00a0C=O. Karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmas on s\u00fcsiniku ja hapniku vahel kaksikside. Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdides on karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm s\u00fcsinikahela otsas ning vastav aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdr\u00fchm omab struktuuri \u2013CHO. Ketoonides on karbon\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm s\u00fcsinikahela keskel (ketor\u00fchm \u2013CO\u2013). Aldeh\u00fc\u00fcdidest on &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":630,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions\/630"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}