{"id":46,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/56-hapnik-ja-hapniku-uhendid\/"},"modified":"2025-04-22T12:01:52","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T09:01:52","slug":"56-hapnik-ja-hapniku-uhendid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/56-hapnik-ja-hapniku-uhendid\/","title":{"rendered":"5.6. Hapnik ja hapniku\u00fchendid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Nii maakoores kui elavates\u00a0organismides leidub hapnikku k\u00f5igist elementidest k\u00f5ige rohkem. Hapnikku esineb looduses mitme allotroopse teisendina. Lisaks tavalisele hapnikule ehk dihapnikule on olemas ka trihapnik ehk osoon. Hapnikku on atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ris 21 mahuprotsenti \u2013 tekkinud sellesse fotos\u00fcnteesi tulemusena. Arvatakse, et praktiliselt kogu O<sub>2<\/sub> on tekkinud eluslooduse t\u00f5ttu. Hingamiseks on puhas hapnik liiga tugev oks\u00fcdeerija, seet\u00f5ttu m\u00fcrgine. Kogu organismide elutegevuseks vajalik energia saadakse toitainete oks\u00fcdeerimisreaktsioonidest. Selleks, et protsess hapniku redutseerumisel kulgeks kiiresti ega tekiks m\u00fcrgiseid vaheprodukte, toimub see ens\u00fc\u00fcmide vahendusel kontrollitult. Puhkeolekus on inimese hapnikutarvidus 264 cm<sup>3<\/sup>\/min.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Sv7qogcigjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-81\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" alt=\"video\"><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Sv7qogcigjg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Sv7qogcigjg\">Vaata videot hapniku ja gaaside kogumise kohta siit.<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Hapnikku leidub ka osoonina O<sub>3<\/sub> atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ri \u00fclemises kihis (stratosf\u00e4\u00e4ris u\u00a020 km paksuses kihis, maksimaalne tihedus 20\u201330 km k\u00f5rgusel). Osooni kaitsekiht kaitseb ultraviolettkiirguse eest.\u00a0Osoon on iseloomuliku terava l\u00f5hnaga sinaka v\u00e4rvusega m\u00fcrgine gaas. V\u00e4ikese osoonisisaldusega \u00f5hk on kasulik, sest tapab baktereid. Osoon on ebap\u00fcsiv ja laguneb kergesti, eraldades atomaarset hapnikku. Seet\u00f5ttu on osoon v\u00e4ga tugev oks\u00fcdeerija \u2013 tugevam kui dihapnik.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Hapniku elektronvalemi on <strong>O Z=8| 1s<sup>2<\/sup><span style=\"color: red;\">2s<sup>2<\/sup>2p<sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/strong>. Allpool on toodud ka hapniku aatomi ruutskeem.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"396\" height=\"398\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-322\" style=\"width: 150px; height: 151px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-24_at_14.52.38.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_14.52.38.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_14.52.38.png 396w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_14.52.38-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_14.52.38-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 396px) 100vw, 396px\"><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Hapniku\u00a0viimasel elektronkihil on kokku 6 elektroni, seet\u00f5ttu on hapniku k\u00f5ige sagedam o.a -II. Joonisel 1 on toodud hapniku keemilised omadused.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"896\" height=\"401\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-326\" style=\"width: 600px; height: 269px;\" title=\"screenshot_2023-07-10_144308.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2023-07-10_144308.png\" alt=\"Hapniku keemilised omadused\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2023-07-10_144308.png 896w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2023-07-10_144308-300x134.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2023-07-10_144308-768x344.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 896px) 100vw, 896px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 1. Hapniku keemilised omadused<\/h6>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Edasi vaatame hapniku t\u00e4htsamaid \u00fchendeid.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Oksiidid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5 style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/11-oksiidid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-81\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" alt=\"video\"><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/11-oksiidid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/11-oksiidid\">Oksiididest loe t\u00e4psemalt siit.<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Hapniku t\u00e4htsamad \u00fchendid on oksiidid. Need on binaarsed \u00fchendid, mis sisaldavad kahe keemilise elemendi aatomeid, kusjuures \u00fcks neist on hapnik. Tavalistes oksiidides on hapniku oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste -II ning oksiidid tekivad lihtainete reageerimisel hapnikuga (O<sub>2<\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Oksiidide saamine:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Metall + O<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2192 metallioksiid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><br><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">2Mg + O<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2192 2 MgO<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Mittemetall + O<sub>2<\/sub>\u2192mittemetallioksiid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><br><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">S + O<sub>2 <\/sub>\u2192 SO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Oksiidide \u00fcldised omadused ja nende omaduste muutumise peroodilisustabelis v\u00f5tab kokku tabel 1, kust on n\u00e4ha, et metallioksiidid on ioonsed ained ja aluseliste omadustega. Mittemetallioksiididest on enamik molekulaarsed ained ja happeliste omadustega. Mittemetallioksiidide molekulides on kovalentsed polaarsed sidemed. Aluselised oksiidid on valdavalt ioonilise sidemega tahked kristallilised ained.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Perioodis vasakult paremale aluselised omadused v\u00e4henevad ja happelised omadused kasvavad. \u00dcksikutel oksiididel esineb aatomv\u00f5re (nt SiO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2013 liiva p\u00f5hikomponent), kus on aatomite vahel tugevad kovalentsed sidemed, mist\u00f5ttu on need v\u00e4ga p\u00fcsivad ning k\u00f5rge sulamis- ja keemistemperatuuriga. Ioonv\u00f5rega metallioksiidid on ka suhteliselt k\u00f5rgete sulamis- ja keemistempertuuridega.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">V\u00e4ga aluselised oksiidid reageerivad veega, moodustades vees lahustuva h\u00fcdroksiidi:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Na<sub>2<\/sub>O + H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 2 NaOH<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Enamik happelisi oksiide reageerib veega, moodustades happe (v.a SiO<sub>2<\/sub>, mis ei reageeri veega):<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">SO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2194 H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Tabel 1. Erinevad oksiidid ja nende omaduste muutus perioodis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;\" border=\"1\" width=\"673\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 504.6pt;\" colspan=\"8\" width=\"673\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">III periood<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Perioodis vasakult paremale aluselised omadused muutuvad happelisteks<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 67.2pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"90\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Oksiid<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Na<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">MgO<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 63.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"85\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"81\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">SiO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">P<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>5<\/sub><\/span><\/b><br><b><sup><span lang=\"ET\">esineb<\/span><\/sup><\/b><br><b><span lang=\"ET\">P<sub>4<\/sub>O<sub>10<\/sub><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>7<\/sub><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 67.2pt; border: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"90\">\n<p style=\"padding: 0cm5.4pt0cm5.4pt;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Omadus<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">tugevalt aluseline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">n\u00f5rgalt aluseline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 63.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"85\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">amfoteerne<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"81\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">n\u00f5rgalt\u00a0<\/span><br><span lang=\"ET\">happeline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">keskmiselt happeline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">keskmiselt happeline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">tugevalt happeline<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 67.2pt; border: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"90\">\n<p style=\"padding: 0cm5.4pt0cm5.4pt;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">Sidemet\u00fc\u00fcp<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">iooniline side<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">iooniline side<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 63.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"85\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">ioonilis-kovalentne<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"81\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">kovalentne <\/span><span lang=\"ET\">polaarne<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">kovalentne <\/span><span lang=\"ET\">polaarne<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">kovalentne <\/span><span lang=\"ET\">polaarne<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">v\u00e4he kovalentne <\/span><span lang=\"ET\">polaarne<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 67.2pt; border: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"90\">\n<p style=\"padding: 0cm5.4pt0cm5.4pt;\"><b><span lang=\"ET\">V\u00f5ret\u00fc\u00fcp<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">ioonv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 53.1pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"71\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">ioonv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 63.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"85\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">ioonv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 60.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"81\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">aatomv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">molekulv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.7pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">molekulv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 68.9pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidwindowtext1.0pt; border-right: solidwindowtext1.0pt;\" width=\"92\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\">molekulv\u00f5re<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Hapnikhapped<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-81\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" alt=\"video\"><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\">Hapete ja hapnikhapete kohta loe t\u00e4psemalt siit<\/a>.<\/h5>\n<p>Hapnikhape on seda tugevam, mida elektronegatiivsem on vastav element ja mida suurem on elemendi oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste.<\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Hapnikhape on hapnikku sisaldav mineraalhape.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Tugevaid hapnikhappeid moodustavad suure elektronegatiivsusega elemendid\u00a0nagu kloor, v\u00e4\u00e4vel, l\u00e4mmastik. <\/span><\/span>Hapnikhape on seda tugevam, mida elektronegatiivsem on vastav element ja mida suurem on elemendi oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste.\u00a0<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Elemendi oks\u00fcdatsiooniastme suurenedes kasvab \u00fcldreeglina happe tugevus, n\u00e4iteks H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> on tugevam hape kui H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1022\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-323\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 502px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-24_at_15.09.45.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_15.09.45.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_15.09.45.png 1426w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_15.09.45-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_15.09.45-1024x734.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_15.09.45-768x550.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Joonis 2. Tuntumad anorgaanilised hapnikhapped<\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<h2><span lang=\"ET\">Hapniku saamine<\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/46-metallide-saamine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-81\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" alt=\"video\"><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/46-metallide-saamine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/46-metallide-saamine\">Elektrol\u00fc\u00fcsi kohta loe t\u00e4psemalt siit<\/a>.<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\">Laboratoorselt on v\u00f5imalik O<sub>2<\/sub> saada mitmel erineval viisil. Sagedamini kasutatakse vesinikperoksiidi katal\u00fc\u00fctilist lagundamist v\u00f5i kaaliumpermanganaadi lagundamist kuumutamisel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\">Vesinikperoksiidi katal\u00fc\u00fctiline lagundamine: 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub><\/span>\u00a0$\\xrightarrow[]{MnO_{2}}$\u00a0<span lang=\"ET\">2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O + O<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\">Suuremates kogustes saadakse O<sub>2 <\/sub>peamiselt \u00f5hu fraktsioneerival destillatsioonil,\u00a0puhtamat hapnikku aga vee elektrol\u00fc\u00fcsil \u2013 tavaliselt 30%-lisest KOH lahusest. Anoodil eraldub hapnik.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Katoodil: 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O + 2e<sup>\u2013 <\/sup>\u2192 H<sub>2<\/sub> + 2 OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup><br>Anoodil: 4 H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2013 4e<sup>\u2013 <\/sup>\u2192 O<sub>2<\/sub> + 4 H<sup>+<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\">Looduses tekib hapnik fotos\u00fcnteesil p\u00e4ikesevalguse toimel\u00a0klorof\u00fclli osav\u00f5tul: <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\">6 CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 6 H<sub>2<\/sub>O = C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub> +\u00a0 6 O<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b49-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f82b7b49-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b49-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b49-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b49-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b59-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f82b7b59-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b59-collapse\">\u00dclesande 1 lahendused<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b59-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f82b7b59-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>1.2. Mitu grammi CO<sub>2<\/sub> seob endaga 450 g CaO-i? Mitu grammi soola tekib?<\/p>\n<p>Vastus anna t\u00e4isarvuna.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Vastus: <\/b>354 g; 804 g<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Lahendus:<\/b> kirjutame ja tasakaalustame reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrandi:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\">CaO + CO<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CaCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Kuna teame kaltsiumoksiidi massi, saame arvutada esmalt selle molaarmassi M(CaO) = 56 g\/mol ja leida seej\u00e4rel moolide arvu:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$n(CaO) = {m \\over M}= {450g \\over 56 g\/mol}=8.04mol$<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrandist n\u00e4eme, et CaO ja CO<sub>2<\/sub> moolsuhe on 1:1. Seega kulub s\u00fcsihappegaasi samuti 8,04 mol. Leiame selle massi, arvestades, et M(CO<sub>2<\/sub>)=44 g\/mol:<i><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><i><span lang=\"ET\">m(<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"ET\">CO<\/span><sub><i><span lang=\"ET\"><sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/i><\/sub><i><span lang=\"ET\">) =\u00a0n\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0M\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"ET\">8,04 mol \u00d7 44 g\/mol = 353,76 \u2248 354 g<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrandist n\u00e4eme, et CaO ja CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> moolsuhe on 1:1. Seega tekib kaltsiumkarbonaati ka 8,04 mol. Leiame selle massi, arvestades, et M(CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>)=100 g\/mol:<i><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><i><span lang=\"ET\">m(<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"ET\">CaCO<\/span><sub><i><span lang=\"ET\"><sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/i><\/sub><i><span lang=\"ET\">) =\u00a0n\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0M\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span lang=\"ET\">8,04 mol \u00d7 100 g\/mol = 804 g<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">\n<\/p><p>1.3. Mitu mooli on hapniku aatomeid 112 L (nt) NO<sub>2<\/sub>?<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Vastus:<\/b> 10 mol<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Lahendus<\/b>: esmalt leiame NO<sub>2<\/sub> moolide arvu:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$n(NO_2) = {V \\over V_m}= {112dm^3 \\over 22.4dm^3\/mol}=5mol$<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Brutovalemist n\u00e4eme, et \u00fches moolis NO<sub>2<\/sub>-s on kaks mooli hapniku aatomeid. 5 moolis NO<sub>2<\/sub>-s on seega 2\u00d75=10 mol hapniku aatomeid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">\n<\/p><p>1.4. Looduses tekib hapnik fotos\u00fcnteesil p\u00e4ikeseenergia arvel klorof\u00fclli osav\u00f5tul: 6CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 6H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192 C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub> + 6O<sub>2<\/sub>. Kui inimene hingab v\u00e4lja 134,4 dm<sup>3<\/sup> CO<sub>2<\/sub>(nt), mitu mooli suudavad taimed sellest toota hapnikku, kui protsessi kadu on 30%.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Vastus:<\/b> 4,2 mol<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Lahendus<\/b>: Esmalt leiame s\u00fcsihappegaasi moolide arvu, kuna teame selle ruumala 134,4 dm<sup>3<\/sup>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$n(CO_2) = {V \\over V_m}= {134.4dm^3 \\over 22.4dm^3\/mol}=6mol$<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrandist n\u00e4eme, et CO<sub>2<\/sub> ja O<sub>2<\/sub> moolsuhe on 6:6=1:1. Seega tekib hapnikku ka 6 mol. Kuna aga kadu on 30%, tekib seega 70% eeldatavast ainehulgast ehk 0,7\u00d76=4,2 mol.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">\n<\/p><p>1.5. Hermeetiliselt suletavasse reaktsioonianumasse juhiti 2 mooli metaani ja 7 mooli hapnikku toatemperatuuril. Toimus reaktsioon CH<sub>4<\/sub> + 2O<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>Leia plahvatusj\u00e4rgse segu koostis \u2013 st mitu mooli ja milliseid aineid reaktsiooni segu peale reaktsiooni sisaldab.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Vastus:<\/b> CO<sub>2<\/sub>: 2 mol, H<sub>2<\/sub>O: 4 mol, O<sub>2<\/sub>: 3 mol<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Lahendus<\/b>: Teame metaani ja hapniku ainehulki. Leiame k\u00f5igepealt, kas kumbagi neist on \u00fclehulgas. Reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrandist n\u00e4eme, et metaani ja hapniku moolsuhe on 1:2, seega reageerib 2 mooli metaaniga 4 mooli hapnikku. Seega on hapnik \u00fclehulgas ja 7\u20134=3 mooli j\u00e4\u00e4b segusse alles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Metaani ja CO<sub>2<\/sub> moolsuhe on 1:1, seega tekib CO<sub>2<\/sub> 2 mooli. Metaani ja H<sub>2<\/sub>O moolsuhe on 1:2, seega tekib vett 2\u00d72=4 mooli.<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nii maakoores kui elavates\u00a0organismides leidub hapnikku k\u00f5igist elementidest k\u00f5ige rohkem. Hapnikku esineb looduses mitme allotroopse teisendina. Lisaks tavalisele hapnikule ehk dihapnikule on olemas ka trihapnik ehk osoon. Hapnikku on atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ris 21 mahuprotsenti \u2013 tekkinud sellesse fotos\u00fcnteesi tulemusena. Arvatakse, et praktiliselt &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-46","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1286,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions\/1286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}