{"id":42,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/52-struktuur-ja-ainete-omadused\/"},"modified":"2025-04-22T13:32:30","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T10:32:30","slug":"52-struktuur-ja-ainete-omadused","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/52-struktuur-ja-ainete-omadused\/","title":{"rendered":"5.2. Struktuur ja ainete omadused"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Ainete erinevad osakese<\/span><\/span>d \u2013\u00a0aatomid, molekulid, ioonid \u2013\u00a0moodustavad vastastiktoimete t\u00f5ttu erinevaid korrap\u00e4raseid ruumilisi struktuure \u2013kristalliv\u00f5resid. Kristalliv\u00f5re on ruumiline struktuur, mis kirjeldab ioonide, aatomite ja molekulide korrap\u00e4rast asetust kristallis. Eristatakse nelja erinevat t\u00fc\u00fcpi kristalliv\u00f5resid: aatomv\u00f5re, metalliv\u00f5re, ioonv\u00f5re ja molekulv\u00f5re.<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Ioonv\u00f5re<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Ioonilise sidemega ained moodustavad p\u00fcsivaid ioonkristalle ehk ioonv\u00f5resid. <\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>Ioonilise sidemega ained on tavatingimustes tahkes olekus ja moodustavad p\u00fcsivaid ioonkristalle ehk ioonv\u00f5resid.\u00a0Ioonv\u00f5res on kristalliv\u00f5re s\u00f5lmpunktides ioonid (joonis 1). Tugevad elektrostaatilised j\u00f5ud (iooniline side) takistavad ioonide v\u00e4ljumist tekkinud korrap\u00e4rasest struktuurist. Mida tugevam on iooniline side, seda k\u00f5rgem on aine sulamis- ja keemistemperatuur. Ioonv\u00f5rega ained ei juhi elektrivoolu. Sulas olekus ja vesilahuses saavad ioonid vabamalt liikuda, mist\u00f5ttu elektrijuhtivus kasvab (vaata ka tabelis 2 toodud v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi ja v\u00f5rdlust teiste kristallv\u00f5ret\u00fc\u00fcpidega).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"956\" height=\"476\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-289\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 149px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.46.51.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.46.51.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.46.51.png 956w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.46.51-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.46.51-768x382.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 956px) 100vw, 956px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Joonis 1. NaCl ioonv\u00f5re.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Allikas:<\/span><\/span> <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elevise.co.uk\/gac2c.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.elevise.co.uk\/gac2c.html\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/www.elevise.co.uk\/gac2c.html<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>Enamik ioonseid aineid lahustub h\u00e4sti vees, kuna tekib tugev vastastiktoime lahusesse tekkinud iooni ja vee molekulide vahel. Neid j\u00e4reldusi kinnitavad tabelis 1 toodud andmed. Keemilise sideme ioonilisust saame hinnata keemilist sidet moodustavate osakeste elektronegatiivsuste erinevuse kaudu, mida suurem on osakeste elektronegatiivsuste erinevus seda ioonilisemaks muutub side. T\u00fc\u00fcpilised \u00fchendid (NaCl, CsCl, CsF), milles esineb iooniline side moodustuvad v\u00e4ga aktiivsete metallide (IA ja IIA r\u00fchma metallidega) ja halogeenidega. Iooniliste ainete lahustuvuse korral tuleb lisaks sideme elektronegatiivsuste erinevusele arvesse v\u00f5tta ka ioonv\u00f5re energiat, mida suurem on ioonv\u00f5re energia, seda halvemini aine lahustub (aine lahustumisel l\u00f5hutakse ioonv\u00f5re).<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Tabel 1. Ioonv\u00f5rega ainete f\u00fc\u00fcsikalisi parameetreid<\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00dchendi valem<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Molekulmass<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sulamistemperatuur (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Lahustuvus grammides 100 g vees 20\u00a0<sup>o<\/sup>C juures<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>NaCl<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">58,5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">801<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">36<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CaCl<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">111<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">772<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">74,5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>NaF<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">42<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">993<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">40,4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CaF<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">78<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1418<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">0,0016<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>CaO<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">56<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">2613<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">reageerib veega, Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Na<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1132<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">reageerib veega, NaOH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>NaOH<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">323<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">100<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Iooniliste \u00fchendite kristallid on mehaaniliselt k\u00f5vad, kuid haprad. Kui ioonide kihid kristallis v\u00e4lism\u00f5ju t\u00f5ttu nihkuvad, satuvad kohakuti sama laengum\u00e4rgiga ioonid. Tekkiv ioonide t\u00f5ukumine soodustab kristallv\u00f5re purunemist ja muudab kristalli hapraks.<\/p>\n<h2><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Aatomv\u00f5re<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5>Kovalentse sidemega ained v\u00f5ivad tahkes olekus moodustada aatomitest koosneva kristallv\u00f5re ehk aatomv\u00f5re.<\/h5>\n<p>Kovalentse sidemega ained v\u00f5ivad tahkes olekus moodustada aatomitest koosneva kristallv\u00f5re ehk aatomv\u00f5re. Aatomv\u00f5res on kristallv\u00f5re s\u00f5lmpunktides aatomid. Omavahel v\u00f5ib olla seotud palju aatomeid. N\u00e4iteks teemandis (vaata joonist 2) on iga s\u00fcsinikuaatom kovalentselt seotud nelja naaberaatomiga, moodustades tetraeedri. Vabade elektronide puudumise t\u00f5ttu ei juhi teemant elektrit. Selline struktuuri erip\u00e4ra tagab v\u00e4ga hea stabiilsuse, keemilise vastupidavuse ning erakordse tugevuse. Teemandi sulamistemperatuur on \u00fcle 4830 kraadi (vaata ka tabelis 2 toodud v\u00e4\u00e4rtusi ja v\u00f5rdlust teiste kristallv\u00f5re t\u00fc\u00fcpidega).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"248\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-290\" style=\"width: 176px; height: 173px;\" title=\"picture_1.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/picture_1.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"> \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"173\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-292\" style=\"width: 230px; height: 173px;\" title=\"picture_3.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/picture_3.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Joonis 2. Aatomv\u00f5rega ained: teemant ja grafiit.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Allikad:\u00a0<br><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/enginyeriafisica.etsetb.upc.edu\/ca\/recerca\/la-nostra-recerca\/nanotecnologia\/fulere\/image_view_fullscreen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/enginyeriafisica.etsetb.upc.edu\/ca\/recerca\/la-nostra-recerca\/nanotecnologia\/fulere\/image_view_fullscreen\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/enginyeriafisica.etsetb.upc.edu\/ca\/recerca\/la-nostra-recerca\/nanotecnologia\/fulere\/image_view_fullscree; <\/span><\/span><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.che.kyutech.ac.jp\/chem24\/hp\/english\/lecture\/crystal%20structure\/graphite\/graphite.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.che.kyutech.ac.jp\/chem24\/hp\/english\/lecture\/crystal%20structure\/graphite\/graphite.htm\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/www.che.kyutech.ac.jp\/chem24\/hp\/english\/<br>lecture\/crystal%20structure\/graphite\/graphite.htm<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/h6>\n<p>Grafiidikristallis on iga s\u00fcsinikuaatom tasapinnaliselt seotud kolme naaberaatomiga ning nende vahel on tugev kovalentne side. Sidemetevaheline nurk on 120 \u00b0. S\u00fcsinikuaatomid grafiidis on <i>sp<sup>2<\/sup><\/i>-h\u00fcbridisatsioonolekus. Iga s\u00fcsinikuaatomi neljast valentselektronist kolme kasutatakse sideme moodustamiseks. S\u00fcsinikuaatomid moodustavad korrap\u00e4rase kuusnurga, kus C-C sideme pikkus on ~ 0.14 nm. Kuusnurgad omakorda moodustavad grafeenikihid, mis paiknevad paralleelselt \u00fcksteise kohal ning kahe kihi vaheline kaugus on <span lang=\"ET\">~\u00a0<\/span><span lang=\"ET\">0.34 nm. Kihtide vahel eksisteerivad ainult n\u00f5rgad toimed, mille t\u00f5ttu saavad kihid nihkuda. Iga s\u00fcsinikuaatomi neljas v\u00e4liskihielektron aitab moodustada delokaliseeritud \u03c0-sidet, mis on laiali m\u00e4\u00e4ritud k\u00f5igi s\u00fcsinike aatomite vahel. Seet\u00f5ttu on grafiit hea elektrijuht.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Aatomv\u00f5re esineb ka n\u00e4iteks sellistes ainetes nagu SiO<sub>2<\/sub>, Si,\u00a0SiC, B jne.<\/p>\n<p>Aatomitest koosnevates kristallides on kovalentseid sidemeid v\u00e4ga raske l\u00f5hkuda, sellep\u00e4rast on sellistel ainetel v\u00e4ga k\u00f5rged sulamis- ja keemistemperatuurid. Kovalentsed ained on mehaaniliselt v\u00e4ga k\u00f5vad, kuid haprad ja v\u00f5ivad kergesti puruneda. Enamikul aatomv\u00f5rega ainetel puudub elektrijuhtivus (v\u00f5i see on\u00a0halb) ja nad praktiliselt ei lahustu vees.<\/p>\n<h2>Molekulv\u00f5re<\/h2>\n<h5>Molekulaarsetel ainetel on tahkes olekus kristallv\u00f5re s\u00f5lmpunktides molekulid ehk moodustub molekulv\u00f5re.<\/h5>\n<p>Molekulaarsetel ainetel on tahkes olekus kristallv\u00f5re s\u00f5lmpunktides molekulid ehk moodustub molekulv\u00f5re (joonis 3). Molekulidevahelised t\u00f5mbej\u00f5ud on v\u00f5rreldes molekulisiseste keemiliste sidemetega suhteliselt n\u00f5rgad, kuid neist piisab, et hoida molekule koos tahkes aines v\u00f5i vedelikus. Molekulaarseid v\u00f5resid moodustavad toatemperatuuril gaasilised ained, enamik orgaanilisi aineid, kuid ka m\u00f5ned toatemperatuuril tahked ained nagu v\u00e4\u00e4vel, valge fosfor jne. Molekulv\u00f5re laguneb temperatuuri t\u00f5stes v\u00e4ga kergesti (tabel 2). Molekulv\u00f5rega ainetel v\u00f5rreldes aatomv\u00f5rega ainetega on madalamad sulamistemperatuurid, aurustuvad kergemini, ei lahustu praktiliselt vees ja puudub elektrijuhtivus tahkes ja vedelas olekus.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1476\" height=\"398\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-293\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 189px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.58.52.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.58.52.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.58.52.png 1476w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.58.52-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.58.52-1024x276.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.58.52-768x207.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1476px) 100vw, 1476px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Joonis 3. Molekulv\u00f5rega ained CO, CO<sub>2<\/sub> ja H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<h2><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Metalliv\u00f5re<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">K\u00f5ik metallid moodustavad metalliv\u00f5re, kus v\u00f5re s\u00f5lmpunktides on metalliaatomid. <\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>K\u00f5ik metallid moodustavad metalliv\u00f5re, kus v\u00f5re s\u00f5lmpunktides on metalliaatomid. M\u00f5ningad\u00a0metalliv\u00f5rede n\u00e4ited on toodud joonisel 4. Metallidel on v\u00e4ga erinevad f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused (tugevus, sulamistemperatuurid jne). Metallide omaduste kohta saad pikemalt lugeda metallide peat\u00fckist.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1022\" height=\"398\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-294\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 195px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.59.59.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.59.59.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.59.59.png 1022w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.59.59-300x117.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-24_at_11.59.59-768x299.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1022px) 100vw, 1022px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Joonis 4. Erinevate metallide kristalliv\u00f5red. Allikas:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cheminter\/chapter\/crystal-structures-of-metals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cheminter\/chapter\/crystal-structures-of-metals\/\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cheminter\/chapter\/crystal-structures-of-metals\/<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/h6>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">V\u00f5ret\u00fc\u00fcbi seose f\u00fc\u00fcsikaliste omadustega v\u00f5tab kokku tabel 2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Tabel 2. V\u00f5ret\u00fc\u00fcp ja vastavad f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused<\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"margin-left: -0.75pt; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Ioonv\u00f5re <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Aatomv\u00f5re <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Molekulv\u00f5re <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Metalliv\u00f5re <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Osakesed aines<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">ioonid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">mittemetalliaatomid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">molekulid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">metalliaatomid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Osakeste<br>vahelised j\u00f5ud<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">elektrostaatilised j\u00f5ud \u2013 iooniline side <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">kovalentne side <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">mitmesugused n\u00f5rgad j\u00f5ud (van der Waals)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">metalliline side<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">K\u00f5vadus<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">suur <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">suur <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">v\u00e4ike <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">NB! s\u00f5ltub metallist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Soojusjuhtivus tahkes olekus<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">v\u00e4ike <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">tavaliselt v\u00e4ike <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">v\u00e4ike <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">suur <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Elektrijuhtivus tahkes olekus<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">isolaator <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">isolaator<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">isolaator <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">juht <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Elektrijuhtivus vedeles olekus<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">juht <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">isolaator <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">isolaator <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">juht <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Elektrijuhtivus vesilahuses<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">juht <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">\u2013<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Sulamis-<br>temperatuur<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">suhteliselt k\u00f5rged<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">v\u00e4ga k\u00f5rged<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">madalad<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">NB! s\u00f5ltub metallist<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 99.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"133\">\n<p><b><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">N\u00e4iteid<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 85.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"114\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">soolad, aktiivsete metallidele vastavad<br>h\u00fcdroksiidid ja<br>metallioksiidid<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">teemant (C)<br>kvarts (SiO<sub>2<\/sub>)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><br><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">r\u00e4nikarbiid (SiC)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 92.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: solidblack1.0pt; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: none;\" width=\"123\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Tahkes olekus esineb molekulv\u00f5re ainetel: <br>valge fosfor( P<sub>4<\/sub>)<br>v\u00e4\u00e4vel (S<sub>8<\/sub>)<br>\u201ckuiv j\u00e4\u00e4\u201d(CO<sub>2<\/sub>)<br>vesi (H<sub>2<\/sub>O)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">He, Cl<sub>2<\/sub>, O<sub>2<\/sub>, I<sub>2<\/sub>, Br<sub>2<\/sub>, F<sub>2<\/sub>, CH<sub>3<\/sub>OH, CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> jt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.95pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"125\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">metallid, metallide sulamid<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc0310ee1f5-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc0310ee1f5-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc0310ee1f5-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc0310ee1f5-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc0310ee1f5-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ainete erinevad osakesed \u2013\u00a0aatomid, molekulid, ioonid \u2013\u00a0moodustavad vastastiktoimete t\u00f5ttu erinevaid korrap\u00e4raseid ruumilisi struktuure \u2013kristalliv\u00f5resid. Kristalliv\u00f5re on ruumiline struktuur, mis kirjeldab ioonide, aatomite ja molekulide korrap\u00e4rast asetust kristallis. Eristatakse nelja erinevat t\u00fc\u00fcpi kristalliv\u00f5resid: aatomv\u00f5re, metalliv\u00f5re, ioonv\u00f5re ja molekulv\u00f5re. Ioonv\u00f5re Ioonilise sidemega &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-42","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1305,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/42\/revisions\/1305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}