{"id":41,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/67-aromaatsed-uhendid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T23:35:48","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:35:48","slug":"67-aromaatsed-uhendid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/67-aromaatsed-uhendid\/","title":{"rendered":"6.7. Aromaatsed \u00fchendid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\r\n\tAromaatsed \u00fchendid sisaldavad k\u00fcll kordseid s\u00fcsinik-s\u00fcsiniksidemeid, kuid on keemiliselt stabiilsemad kui alkeenid v\u00f5i alk\u00fc\u00fcnid. Aromaatsete \u00fchenditega v\u00f5id tutvuda j\u00e4rgmises videos.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h6>\r\n\tAllikas: <a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hmmGmz5CszU\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/hmmGmz5CszU\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/hmmGmz5CszU<\/a>\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tK\u00f5ige tuntum aromaatne \u00fchend on benseen C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub>, mis on magusa l\u00f5hnaga v\u00e4rvitu m\u00fcrgine vedelik. Benseenimolekulil on kuusnurkne tasapinnaline struktuur, mille tippudes paiknevad s\u00fcsinikuaatomid. Benseenits\u00fckli struktuuri (ja ka teiste aromaatsete s\u00fcsivesinike\u00a0struktuuri) on klassikaliselt kujutatud vaheldumisi paiknevate s\u00fcsinikevaheliste \u00fcksik- ja kaksiksidemete abil.\u00a0Tegelikult on benseenis aga k\u00f5ik s\u00fcsinik-s\u00fcsiniksidemed \u00fcksik- ja kaksiksidemete vahepealsed, n-\u00f6 pooleteistkordsed sidemed. Seda sidemete paiknemist v\u00f5ib m\u00e4rkida ka benseeni kuusnurga sisse joonistatud ringi v\u00f5i punktiirjoonega. K\u00f5ik need erinevad kujutamisviisid t\u00e4histavad aga muidugi \u00fchte ja sama molekuli. Benseeni ja teiste aromaatsete \u00fchendite ts\u00fckleid nimetatakse ka aromaatseteks tuumadeks v\u00f5i ringideks.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1008\" height=\"314\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-283\" style=\"width: 500px;height: 156px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.07.57.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.07.57.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.07.57.png 1008w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.07.57-300x93.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.07.57-768x239.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 1. Benseeni kujutamise viise\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAromaatsetes ainetes v\u00f5ib olla ka mitu ts\u00fcklit. N\u00e4iteks on aromaatsed naftaleen ja antratseen. K\u00f5igile aromaatsetele ts\u00fcklitele\u00a0on omane tasapinnaline kuju\u00a0ja seet\u00f5ttu ei ole aromaatsetes ts\u00fcklites tetraeedrilisi (nelja \u00fcksiksidemega) s\u00fcsinikke. Ka grafeen (leht grafiidi struktuuris) on aromaatne struktuur. Kuna aromaatsus muudab aineid stabiilsemaks, on aromaatset tuuma sisaldavad ained looduses \u00fcsna levinud. Samuti sisaldavad aromaatset tuuma mitmed ravimid (nt aspiriin, paratsetamool ja ibuprofeen). S\u00fcsiniku asemel v\u00f5ib aromaatses tuumas olla ka teisi elemente nagu n\u00e4iteks\u00a0l\u00e4mmastik (nt p\u00fcridiinis).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1008\" height=\"254\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-284\" style=\"width: 500px;height: 126px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.08.45.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.08.45.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.08.45.png 1008w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.08.45-300x76.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.08.45-768x194.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 2. N\u00e4iteid ts\u00fcklitest aromaatsetes ainetes\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9cc-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d55c9a4b9cc-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9cc-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9cc-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9cc-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAromaatsete \u00fchendite nimetamine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tBenseeni derivaatide korral v\u00f5etakse tavaliselt benseen t\u00fcvi\u00fchendiks ning sellega seotud r\u00fchmad nimetatakse eesliidete abil. Kui r\u00fchmi on mitu, siis \u00fcks neist m\u00e4rgitakse numbriga 1 ning teised nummerdatakse vastavalt oma asukohale asendi number 1 suhtes nii, et numbrid oleksid v\u00f5imalikult v\u00e4ikesed.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1414\" height=\"428\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-285\" style=\"width: 700px;height: 212px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.09.34.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.09.34.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.09.34.png 1414w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.09.34-300x91.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.09.34-1024x310.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.09.34-768x232.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1414px) 100vw, 1414px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 3. N\u00e4iteid asendatud aromaatsetest \u00fchenditest koos nende s\u00fcstemaatiliste nimetustega\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAromaatsete \u00fchendite keemilised omadused\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAromaatsetele \u00fchenditele on iseloomulikud asendusreaktsioonid.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tErinevalt t\u00fc\u00fcpilistest k\u00fcllastumata \u00fchenditest (alkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid) on aromaatsetele \u00fchenditele iseloomulikud asendusreaktsioonid. Liitumisreaktsioone aromaatsed \u00fchendid kergesti ei anna. T\u00fc\u00fcpilises asendusreaktsioonis asendatakse \u00fcks aromaatse tuuma vesinikuaatom halogeeni v\u00f5i nitror\u00fchmaga (-NO<sub>2<\/sub>). Reaktsioone nimetakse vastavalt aromaatse tuuma halogeenimiseks v\u00f5i nitreerimiseks. Nende reaktsioonide jaoks l\u00e4heb vaja katal\u00fcsaatoreid, milleks on halogeenimisel teatud soolad (nt AlCl<sub>3<\/sub>, FeBr<sub>3<\/sub>) ja nitreerimisel kontsentreeritud v\u00e4\u00e4velhape. Asendusreaktsioon v\u00f5ib toimuda ka mitmes etapis, nt saadakse kolme met\u00fc\u00fclbenseeni (tolueeni) vesiniku\u00a0asendamisel nitror\u00fchmaga tuntud l\u00f5hkeainet trinitrotolueeni (TNT).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tC<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub> + Br<sub>2<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow[]{FeBr_{3}}$ C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>Br + HBr\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"902\" height=\"264\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-286\" style=\"width: 450px;height: 132px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.11.22.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.11.22.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.11.22.png 902w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.11.22-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.11.22-768x225.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 4. Benseeni broomimine\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tC<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>6<\/sub> + HNO<sub>3<\/sub> <span style=\",serif\"><\/span><span style=\",serif\"><\/span><span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\"><\/span>$\\xrightarrow[]{FeBr_{3}}$ C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>NO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"902\" height=\"264\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-287\" style=\"width: 450px;height: 132px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.12.51.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.12.51.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.12.51.png 902w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.12.51-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.12.51-768x225.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 902px) 100vw, 902px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 5. Benseeni nitreerimine\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"352\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-288\" style=\"width: 170px;height: 169px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.13.56.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.13.56.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.13.56.png 354w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.13.56-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_11.13.56-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 6. Trinitrotolueen on saadud met\u00fc\u00fclbenseeni kolmeetapilisel nitreerimisel\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9d1-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d55c9a4b9d1-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9d1-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9d1-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d55c9a4b9d1-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aromaatsed \u00fchendid sisaldavad k\u00fcll kordseid s\u00fcsinik-s\u00fcsiniksidemeid, kuid on keemiliselt stabiilsemad kui alkeenid v\u00f5i alk\u00fc\u00fcnid. Aromaatsete \u00fchenditega v\u00f5id tutvuda j\u00e4rgmises videos. Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega. Muuda n\u00f5usolekut Allikas: https:\/\/youtu.be\/hmmGmz5CszU K\u00f5ige tuntum aromaatne \u00fchend on benseen C6H6, mis on &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-41","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":650,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions\/650"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}