{"id":40,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/66-kullastumata-uhendid-alkeenid-ja-alkuunid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T23:35:49","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:35:49","slug":"66-kullastumata-uhendid-alkeenid-ja-alkuunid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/66-kullastumata-uhendid-alkeenid-ja-alkuunid\/","title":{"rendered":"6.6. K\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid: alkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\r\n\tAlkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid on k\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid. K\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid sisaldavad kordseid sidemeid: alkeenide aineklassi korral leidub \u00fchendis s\u00fcsinikuaatomite vahel kaksikside ning alk\u00fc\u00fcnide aineklassi korral kolmikside.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAlkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid on s\u00fcsivesinikud, mis sisaldavad kordseid sidemeid.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tM\u00f5iste \u201ck\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid\u201d viitab sellele, et need \u00fchendid saavad anda liitumisreaktsioone, samas kui k\u00fcllastunud s\u00fcsivesinikud saavad anda ainult asendusreaktsioone. K\u00fcllastumata \u00fchenditega saad l\u00e4hemalt tutvuda j\u00e4rgmises videos.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h6>\r\n\tAllikas:\u00a0<a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/4x0B9y-Eux4\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/4x0B9y-Eux4\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/4x0B9y-Eux4<\/a>\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tK\u00fcllastumata s\u00fcsivesinike nimetamine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tK\u00fcllastumata s\u00fcsivesinike nimetamine on sarnane alkaanide nimetamisega. Alkaani j\u00e4relliite <strong>\u2013aan<\/strong> asemel tuleb alkeenide korral kasutada j\u00e4relliidet <strong>\u2013een<\/strong> ning alk\u00fc\u00fcnide korral j\u00e4relliidet <strong>\u2013\u00fc\u00fcn<\/strong>. Lisaks tuleb numbriliselt ka \u00e4ra n\u00e4idata, mitmenda s\u00fcsiniku aatomi juures peaahelas vastav kordne side asetseb.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"816\" height=\"530\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-269\" style=\"width: 300px;height: 195px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.38.20.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.38.20.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.38.20.png 816w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.38.20-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.38.20-768x499.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 816px) 100vw, 816px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tKui samasuguseid kordseid sidemeid on \u00fchendis mitu, siis tuleb kasutada vastavat eesliidet (di-, tri-, tetra-) jne. Sama pikkade ahelate korral tuleks peaahelaks valida see, mille sisse j\u00e4\u00e4vad ka kordsed sidemed. Muul\u00a0juhul\u00a0tuleks valida pikim s\u00fcsinikahel.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"842\" height=\"206\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-270\" style=\"width: 310px;height: 76px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.39.16.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.39.16.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.39.16.png 842w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.39.16-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.39.16-768x188.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 842px) 100vw, 842px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tPane t\u00e4hele, et kuna n\u00e4iteks \u201eheksdieeni\u201c oleks ebamugav v\u00e4lja h\u00e4\u00e4ldada, nimetatakse selle asemel \u00fchendit \u201eheksadieeniks\u201c.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecdda-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc02e3ecdda-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecdda-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecdda-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecdda-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecddf-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc02e3ecddf-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecddf-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecddf-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecddf-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tCis-trans isomeeria\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tC\u2013C \u00fcksiksidemega seotud aatomite r\u00fchmi saab h\u00f5lpsasti teineteise suhtes p\u00f6\u00f6rata (selles on lihtne veenduda n\u00e4iteks molekulimudelite komplekti abil). Toatemperatuuril piisab soojusenergiast, et aatomite r\u00fchmad \u00fcksiksidemete \u00fcmber p\u00f6\u00f6rleksid, seet\u00f5ttu kujutavad nt j\u00e4rgnevad butaani kirjutuskujud sama molekuli eri v\u00f5imalikke \u201casendeid\u201d:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"146\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-271\" style=\"width: 200px;height: 73px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.40.20.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.40.20.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.40.20.png 400w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.40.20-300x110.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tReaalses butaanis leidub molekule, mis on igasugustes v\u00f5imalikes asendites. Kuna p\u00f6\u00f6rlemine \u00fcmber \u00fcksiksideme toimub v\u00e4ga kiiresti, siis tavatingimustes neid eri asendites molekule eraldada ei saa.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tKaksiksidemega seotud aatomite r\u00fchmi p\u00f6\u00f6rata ei saa.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tKaksiksidemega seotud aatomite r\u00fchmi p\u00f6\u00f6rata ei saa, sest selleks oleks vaja kaksikside \u00e4ra l\u00f5hkuda (ka selles saab veenduda molekulimudelite komplekti abil). Seet\u00f5ttu on kaksiksideme \u00fcmber paiknevad r\u00fchmad fikseeritud ja\u00a0alkeenide korral esineb isomeeria liik, mida kutsutakse <i>cis<\/i>\u2013<i>trans<\/i> isomeeriaks. Kui s\u00fcsinikku sisaldavad r\u00fchmad on samal pool kaksiksidet, siis kutsutakse isomeeri <i>cis<\/i>-vormiks, ja kui vastavad r\u00fchmad on\u00a0kaksiksideme eri pooltel, siis kutsutakse isomeeri <i>trans<\/i>-vormiks. N\u00e4teks but-2-eeni <i>cis<\/i>\u2013 ja <i>trans<\/i>-isomeerid on j\u00e4rgmised:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"618\" height=\"196\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-272\" style=\"width: 250px;height: 79px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.41.36.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.41.36.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.41.36.png 618w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.41.36-300x95.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 618px) 100vw, 618px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde1-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc02e3ecde1-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde1-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde1-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde1-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tAlkeenide ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnide keemilised omadused\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAlkeenidele ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnidele on iseloomulikud liitumisreaktsioonid.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid on reaktsiooniv\u00f5imelisemad kui alkaanid. Alkeenidele ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnidele on iseloomulikud liitumisreaktsioonid<b> <\/b>halogeeni (Hal<sub>2<\/sub>), vesinikhalogeniidi (H\u2013Hal), vee (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) ja vesinikuga (H<sub>2<\/sub>). K\u00f5igis nendes reaktsioonides liitub vastav aine alkeeni v\u00f5i alk\u00fc\u00fcni kordsele s\u00fcsinik-s\u00fcsiniksidemele ning selle tulemusel sideme kordsus v\u00e4heneb (kaksiksidemest saab \u00fcksikside ja kolmiksidemest kaksikside).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAlkeeni halogeenimisel tekib ainult dihalogeno\u00fchend. Vesinikhalogeniidi ei eraldu.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlkeeni halogeenimine toimub oluliselt kergemini kui alkaani halogeenimine (alkaani halogeenimiseks on reeglina vajalik k\u00f5rge temperatuur v\u00f5i UV-kiirgus). N\u00e4iteks liitub broom alkeeniga kergesti juba toatemperatuuril ja pimedas, mist\u00f5ttu broomivesi kaotab alkeenile lisades oma iseloomuliku punakaspruuni v\u00e4rvuse. Alkaaniga broom aga toatemperatuuril ja valgustamata ei reageeri, mist\u00f5ttu saab broomivee abil eristada alkaani ja alkeeni. Pane t\u00e4hele, et kuna alkeeni halogeenimine on liitumisreaktsioon, siis alkeeni halogeenimisel ei eraldu vesinikhalogeniidi (erinevalt alkaani halogeenimisest, mis on asendusreaktsioon). Alkeeni halogeenimisel lisandub m\u00f5lema C=C s\u00fcsiniku aatomi juurde halogeeni aatom ja C=C (kaksik)side asendub selle k\u00e4igus C\u2013C (\u00fcksik)sidemega.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<span>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CH=CH\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub> + Cl\u2013Cl <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192 <\/span>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CHCl\u2013CHCl\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"814\" height=\"242\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-273\" style=\"width: 350px;height: 104px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.43.47.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.43.47.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.43.47.png 814w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.43.47-300x89.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.43.47-768x228.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 814px) 100vw, 814px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tKloori liitumine but-2-eenile\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span>Kui viia kokku alkeen ja vesinikhalogeniidi lahus, liitub vesinikhalogeniid kergesti alkeeniga. Selle reaktsiooni k\u00e4igus lisandub halogeeni aatom \u00fche C=C aatomi juurde, vesiniku aatom teise C=C aatomi juurde ja s\u00fcsinikevaheline kaksikside asendub \u00fcksiksidemega.<\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<span>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CH=CH\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub> + H\u2013Br <span lang=\"ET\" style=\",serif\">\u2192 <\/span>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CHBr\u2013CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"856\" height=\"164\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-274\" style=\"width: 350px;height: 67px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.45.11.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.45.11.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.45.11.png 856w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.45.11-300x57.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.45.11-768x147.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tVesinikhalogeniidi liitumine but-2-eenile\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAlkeeni h\u00fcdraatimisel (vee liitumisel alkeenile) tekib alkohol.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tAlkeeni h\u00fcdraatimine toim<span>ub katal\u00fcsaatori abil, milleks sobib hape (nt H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>). Selles reaktsioonis liitub \u00fche C=C aatomi juurde veest p\u00e4rinev \u2013OH, teise juurde veest p\u00e4rinev \u2013H aatom.<\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<span>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CH=CH\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O $\\xrightarrow[]{hape}$\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CHOH\u2013CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"878\" height=\"158\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-275\" style=\"width: 370px;height: 67px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.48.55.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.48.55.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.48.55.png 878w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.48.55-300x54.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.48.55-768x138.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 878px) 100vw, 878px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tVee liitumine but-2-eenile\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tAlkeeni h\u00fcdrogeenimisel tekib alkaan.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span>Alkeeni <\/span>h\u00fcdrogeenimine<span> vajab samuti katal\u00fcsaatorit (teatud siirdemetallid, nt Ni, Pd v\u00f5i Pt). Reaktsiooni toimumiseks v\u00f5ib olla vajalik ka k\u00f5rgendatud r\u00f5hk v\u00f5i temperatuur. H\u00fcdrogeenimisel kaovad s\u00fcsinikevahelised kordsed sidemed ja moodustub vastav k\u00fcllastunud s\u00fcsivesinik (alkaan). <\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<span>CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CH=CH\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow[]{Pt}$\u00a0CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CH<sub>2<\/sub>\u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"122\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-276\" style=\"width: 350px;height: 52px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.50.34.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.50.34.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.50.34.png 828w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.50.34-300x44.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.50.34-768x113.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tVesiniku liitumine but-2-eenile\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tLiitumisreaktsioon kolmiksidemele toimub mitmes etapis. Esimeses etapis tekib kaksikside. Teises etapis toimub liitumine kaksiksidemele ning tulemuseks on C\u2013C \u00fcksiksidemega saadus.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1472\" height=\"192\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-277\" style=\"width: 700px;height: 91px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.51.31.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.51.31.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.51.31.png 1472w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.51.31-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.51.31-1024x134.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.51.31-768x100.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1472px) 100vw, 1472px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tBroomi liitumine but-2-\u00fc\u00fcnile\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tVee v\u00f5i vesinikhalogeniidi liitumisel kaksiksidemele kehtib Markovnikovi reegel, mis v\u00e4idab, et vesinikuaatom liitub s\u00fcsinikuaatomiga, millega on seotud rohkem vesinikuaatomeid, ja \u2013OH v\u00f5i halogeeni aatom liitub s\u00fcsinikuaatomiga, millega on seotud v\u00e4hem vesinikuaatomeid.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1472\" height=\"288\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-278\" style=\"width: 700px;height: 137px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.52.23.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.52.23.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.52.23.png 1472w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.52.23-300x59.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.52.23-1024x200.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.52.23-768x150.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1472px) 100vw, 1472px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width:50px;height:39px;float:right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" title=\"popup.png\" alt=\"popup\">\u00a0<a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"Loe lisaks: Miks kehtib Markovnikovi reegel?\" data-content='Vee v\u00f5i vesinikhalogeniidi liitumine kaksiksidemele toimub mitmes etapis. Kaksikside k\u00e4itub &lt;b&gt;nukleofiilse tsentrina&lt;\/b&gt;, millele liitub &lt;b&gt;elektrofiil &lt;\/b&gt;\u2013 vesinikioon. Tekkiv katioonne vahe\u00fchend (karbokatioon) k\u00e4itub aga elektrofiilse tsentrina, millega reageerib nukleofiil \u2013 vastavalt vee molekul v\u00f5i halogeniidioon.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tVaatleme vesinikkloriidi liitumist but-1-eenile. Algselt liitub but-1-eeniga vesinikkloriidist p\u00e4rinev H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;-ioon, mis v\u00f5ib liituda kaksiksideme otsmise v\u00f5i keskmise s\u00fcsiniku aatomi juurde. Kui H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;-ioon liitub otsmise s\u00fcsiniku juurde, kus on rohkem vesiniku aatomeid, j\u00e4\u00e4b positiivne laeng keskmise s\u00fcsiniku juurde ahelas.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-279\" style=\"width: 150px;height: 55px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.56.11.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.56.11.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tKui H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;-ioon liitub keskmise s\u00fcsiniku juurde, kus on v\u00e4hem vesiniku aatomeid, j\u00e4\u00e4b positiivne laeng otsmise s\u00fcsiniku juurde. Selline vahe\u00fchend on oluliselt ebastabiilsem.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-280\" style=\"width: 150px;height: 90px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.57.52.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.57.52.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tReaktsioon toimub eelistatult stabiilsema vahe\u00fchendi kaudu, kus katioonse tsentri juures on v\u00e4hem vesinikke:\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-281\" style=\"width: 450px;height: 59px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.58.43.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.58.43.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tAlgsest vesinikkloriidist on j\u00e4rele j\u00e4\u00e4nud kloriidioon, mis k\u00e4itub nukleofiilina. Kloriidioon saab liituda ainult elektrofiilse tsentriga ehk positiivse laenguga s\u00fcsinikuga. Seet\u00f5ttu toimubki kloriidiooni liitumine peamiselt keskmise s\u00fcsiniku juurde.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-282\" style=\"width: 450px;height: 87px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.59.29.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-22_at_10.59.29.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t'>Loe lisaks: Miks kehtib Markovnikovi reegel?<\/a>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\u00a0\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde3-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc02e3ecde3-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde3-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 4<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde3-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc02e3ecde3-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid on k\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid. K\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid sisaldavad kordseid sidemeid: alkeenide aineklassi korral leidub \u00fchendis s\u00fcsinikuaatomite vahel kaksikside ning alk\u00fc\u00fcnide aineklassi korral kolmikside. Alkeenid ja alk\u00fc\u00fcnid on s\u00fcsivesinikud, mis sisaldavad kordseid sidemeid. M\u00f5iste \u201ck\u00fcllastumata \u00fchendid\u201d viitab sellele, et need &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":654,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40\/revisions\/654"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}