{"id":39,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/65-halogeeniuhendid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T23:35:49","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:35:49","slug":"65-halogeeniuhendid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/65-halogeeniuhendid\/","title":{"rendered":"6.5. Halogeeni\u00fchendid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\r\n\tHalogeeni\u00fchendid on ained, kus orgaanilise molekuli \u00fcks v\u00f5i mitu C\u2013H vesinikku on asendatud halogeeniaatomiga. Alkaanidest l\u00e4htuvad halogeeni\u00fchendid on\u00a0asendatud alkaanid. Neis ainetes esineb halogeeni ja s\u00fcsiniku aatomite vahel side C\u2013Hal. Halogeeni\u00fchendis v\u00f5ib sisalduda nii fluor (F), kloor (Cl), broom (Br) kui ka jood (I). Halogeeni\u00fchendite kohta vaata l\u00e4hemalt j\u00e4rgmisest videost.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h6>\r\n\tAllikas:\u00a0<a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ng1t_qpFhWA\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ng1t_qpFhWA\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/ng1t_qpFhWA<\/a>\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tHalogeeni\u00fchendite nimetamine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tHalogeeni\u00fchendite nimetamine meenutab hargnenud alkaanide nimetamist, kus halogeenile vastavat r\u00fchma nimetatakse nagu k\u00fclgr\u00fchma. Halogeeni\u00fchendite korral kasutatakse enamasti nendele vastavaid eesliiteid:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tF \u2013 fluoro\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tCl \u2013 kloro\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tBr \u2013 bromo\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tI \u2013 jodo\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1284\" height=\"298\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-267\" style=\"width: 651px;height: 151px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.08.59.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.08.59.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.08.59.png 1284w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.08.59-300x70.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.08.59-1024x238.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.08.59-768x178.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1284px) 100vw, 1284px\">\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 1. N\u00e4iteid alk\u00fc\u00fclhalogeniididest\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tKasutusel on ka teine nimetamise viis, kus halogeenile vastavat r\u00fchma kasutatakse j\u00e4relliitena (fluoriid, kloriid, bromiid, jodiid) ja alkaanile vastavat r\u00fchma eesliitena. N\u00e4iteks CH<sub>3<\/sub>\u2013Cl v\u00f5ib nimetada nii klorometaaniks (eelistatud nimetus) kui ka met\u00fc\u00fclkloriidiks.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"242\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-266\" style=\"width: 500px;height: 151px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_08.57.07.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_08.57.07.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_08.57.07.png 799w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_08.57.07-300x91.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_08.57.07-768x233.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 2. Lihtsa struktuuriga jodoetaani v\u00f5ib nimetada ka et\u00fc\u00fcljodiidiks (halogeen m\u00e4rgitud j\u00e4relliitena), kuid keerukama struktuuriga 3-fluoropentaani puhul ei ole halogeeni m\u00e4rkimine\u00a0j\u00e4relliitena m\u00f5ttekas\u00a0\u00a0\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d5879d16821-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d5879d16821-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d5879d16821-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d5879d16821-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d5879d16821-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tHalogeeni\u00fchendite omadused ja kasutamine\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tHalogeeni\u00fchendid on h\u00fcdrofoobsed.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tKuigi halogeeni\u00fchendid on alkaanidest polaarsemad, ei anna halogeeni\u00fchendid\u00a0\u00fcldiselt vesiniksidemeid, on<b> <\/b>h\u00fcdrofoobsed ning lahustuvad vees v\u00e4ga v\u00e4he. Halogeeni\u00fchendite keemistemperatuurid sarnanevad sama suurte molekulidega alkaanide keemistemperatuuridele, kuid on neist veidi k\u00f5rgemad, sest halogeeni\u00fchendite molekulide vahel m\u00f5juvad\u00a0veidi tugevamad molekulidevahelised j\u00f5ud. Halogeeni\u00fchendid on keemiliselt reaktsiooniv\u00f5imelisemad kui alkaanid ning neid kasutatakse laialdaselt orgaanilises s\u00fcnteesis.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tTabel 2. Halogeeni\u00fchendite keemistemperatuurid\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" align=\"center\" border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width: 120.25pt\" width=\"160\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm;padding:0cm5.4pt0cm5.4pt\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"line-height:normal\">Aine<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width: 70.9pt;border-left: none\" width=\"95\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"line-height:normal\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>Cl<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width: 3cm;border-left: none\" width=\"113\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"line-height:normal\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width: 92.1pt;border-left: none\" width=\"123\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"line-height:normal\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width: 3cm;border-left: none\" width=\"113\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"line-height:normal\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:120.25pt;border:solidwindowtext1.0pt;border-top:none\" width=\"160\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom:0cm;padding:0cm5.4pt0cm5.4pt\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong><span style=\"line-height:normal\">Keemistemperatuur, \u00b0C<\/span><\/strong>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:70.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solidwindowtext1.0pt;border-right:solidwindowtext1.0pt\" width=\"95\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\">\u201324<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:3.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solidwindowtext1.0pt;border-right:solidwindowtext1.0pt\" width=\"113\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\">12<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:92.1pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solidwindowtext1.0pt;border-right:solidwindowtext1.0pt\" width=\"123\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\">47<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"width:3.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solidwindowtext1.0pt;border-right:solidwindowtext1.0pt\" width=\"113\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;text-align: center\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:normal\">78<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<br>Alates 19. saj on halogeeni\u00fchendeid tuntud anesteetikumidena, k\u00fclmikutes on kasutatud freoone (kloori ja fluori aatomeid sisaldavad \u00fchendid). T\u00e4nap\u00e4eval on\u00a0halogeeni\u00fchendid ka n\u00e4iteks\u00a0mitmete ravimite ja taimekaitsevahendite koostises. Laialdaselt on kasutusel pol\u00fcvin\u00fc\u00fclkloriid ehk PVC, millest valmistatakse pakkekilesid, torusid ja muid tooteid. Halogeeni\u00fchendite kasutamisega on seotud ka mitmed keskkonnaprobleemid (osoonikihi h\u00f5renemine freoonide t\u00f5ttu, bioakumuleeruvad orgaanilised saasteained) ning sageli p\u00fc\u00fctakse halogeeni\u00fchendeid\u00a0asendada teiste, keskkonnas\u00f5bralikumate\u00a0\u00fchenditega.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width: 50px;height: 39px;float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" title=\"popup.png\" alt=\"popup\">\u00a0 <a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"Loe lisaks: Nukleofiilne asendusreaktsioon\" data-content='\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tHalogeeni\u00fchenditega toimuvad nukleofiilsed asendusreaktsioonid, kus halogeeniaatom asendatakse m\u00f5ne teise r\u00fchmaga. Need reaktsioonid muudavad halogeeni\u00fchendid olulisteks l\u00e4hteaineteks paljude ainete saamisel.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img alt=\"pilt\" data-file_info=\"%7B%22fid%22:%2268580%22,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_09.11.17.png\" style=\"width: 529px;height: 70px\" title=\"\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;em&gt;N\u00e4ide halogeeni\u00fchendi reaktsioonist&lt;\/em&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tNukleofiil on negatiivse laengu (v\u00f5i osalaengu) ja k\u00f5rge energiaga elektronipaariga osake. Nukleofiilil on elektrone n-\u00f6 \u00fcle ja ta tahab keemilises reaktsioonis oma elektronid uude sidemesse loovutada. Nukleofiil v\u00f5ib olla h\u00fcdroksiidioon, halogeniidioon, happeanioon vms. Nukleofiilne tsenter on \u00fcldiselt negatiivse laengu (v\u00f5i osalaenguga) aatom nukleofiilis.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tElektrofiil on positiivse laengu v\u00f5i osalaenguga osake, millel on n-\u00f6 elektronide puuduj\u00e4\u00e4k. Elektrofiilne tsenter on positiivse laengu v\u00f5i osalaenguga aatom elektrofiilis.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tN\u00e4ites toodud asendusreaktsioonis on nukleofiil OH&lt;sup&gt;\u2013&lt;\/sup&gt;. C\u2013Br sideme juures on s\u00fcsinikul v\u00e4ike positiivne osalaeng, mist\u00f5ttu on see elektrofiilne tsenter ja bromopropaan k\u00e4itub elektrofiilina. Reaktsiooni k\u00e4igus asendab OH&lt;sup&gt;\u2013&lt;\/sup&gt; broomi aatomi, mis eraldub bromiidioonina. Naatriumioonid tegelikult reaktsioonist osa ei v\u00f5ta. Nukleofiilses asendusreaktsioonis on r\u00fcndav osake alati nukleofiil ja reaktsioon toimub elektrofiilse tsentri juures.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tP\u00f5hjalikumalt v\u00f5id nukleofiilse asendusreaktsiooni kohta vaadata j\u00e4rgmisest videost:&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/e4dQvJMiTQI\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/e4dQvJMiTQI\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"&gt;https:\/\/youtu.be\/e4dQvJMiTQI&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/strong&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t'>Loe lisaks: Nukleofiilne asendusreaktsioon<\/a>\r\n<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Halogeeni\u00fchendid on ained, kus orgaanilise molekuli \u00fcks v\u00f5i mitu C\u2013H vesinikku on asendatud halogeeniaatomiga. Alkaanidest l\u00e4htuvad halogeeni\u00fchendid on\u00a0asendatud alkaanid. Neis ainetes esineb halogeeni ja s\u00fcsiniku aatomite vahel side C\u2013Hal. Halogeeni\u00fchendis v\u00f5ib sisalduda nii fluor (F), kloor (Cl), broom (Br) kui &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-39","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":655,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions\/655"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}