{"id":35,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:17","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/61-sissejuhatus-orgaanilisse-keemiasse\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T23:35:50","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T20:35:50","slug":"61-sissejuhatus-orgaanilisse-keemiasse","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/61-sissejuhatus-orgaanilisse-keemiasse\/","title":{"rendered":"6.1. Sissejuhatus orgaanilisse keemiasse"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\r\n\tOrgaanilise aine\u00a0omadused m\u00e4\u00e4rab molekuli struktuur:\u00a0millised aatomid molekulis paiknevad ja kuidas\u00a0on need aatomid omavahel \u00fchendatud.\u00a0Orgaanilise keemiaga tegelemisel\u00a0tuleb osata struktuurivalemeid\u00a0kirjutada\u00a0ja\u00a0lugeda. Selleks tuleb tunda sidemete arve, mis\u00a0on elementidele iseloomulikud.\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tJ\u00e4rgnev video v\u00f5tab kokku orgaanilise keemia p\u00f5hialused (valemite kirjutamise ja oks\u00fcdatsiooniastmete m\u00e4\u00e4ramise).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h6>\r\n\tAllikas: <a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/i5jxnz9sL-U\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/i5jxnz9sL-U\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/i5jxnz9sL-U<\/a>\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width: 50px;height: 39px;float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" title=\"popup.png\" alt=\"popup\">\u00a0 <a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"Loe lisaks: Anorgaanilised ja orgaanilised s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendid.\" data-content=\"\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tK\u00f5ik s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendid ei kuulu orgaaniliste \u00fchendite hulka, vaid tuntakse ka anorgaanilisi s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendeid. N\u00e4iteks loetakse anorgaaniliste s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendite hulka&amp;nbsp;CO, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;, H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt; ja karbonaadid. Orgaanilised s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendid sisaldavad tavaliselt C\u2013H sidemeid, mida anorgaanilised s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendid enamasti ei sisalda. Samas puudub anorgaaniliste ja orgaaniliste \u00fchendite vahel selge piirjoon ning selle jaotuse aluseks on peamiselt ajalooline traditsioon.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t\">Loe lisaks: Anorgaanilised ja orgaanilised s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendid.<\/a>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\tSidemete arvud s\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendites\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tS\u00fcsinik moodustab orgaanilistes \u00fchendites 4 sidet.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tOrgaanilistes ainetes \u00fchendavad aatomeid kovalentsed sidemed (jagatud elektronipaarid).\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\u00dchekordset kovalentset sidet m\u00e4rgitakse enamasti kriipsuna, kaksiksidet kujutatakse kahe paralleelse kriipsuna ja kolmiksidet kolme paralleelse kriipsuna.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tOrgaaniliste ainete koostises v\u00f5ib olla erinevaid elemente, kuid k\u00f5ige olulisemad on s\u00fcsinik, vesinik, hapnik, l\u00e4mmastik ja halogeenid.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tS\u00fcsinik moodustab orgaanilistes \u00fchendites 4 sidet. Seda keskset teadmist tuleb valemite lugemisel v\u00f5i kirjutamisel kogu aeg meeles pidada.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tS\u00fcsiniku neli sidet v\u00f5ivad jaotuda erinevalt:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tneli \u00fcksiksidet,\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t\u00fcks kaksikside ja kaks \u00fcksiksidet,\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tkolmikside ja \u00fcksikside,\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tkaks kaksiksidet.\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"728\" height=\"170\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-215\" style=\"width: 257px;height: 60px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.49.05.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.49.05.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.49.05.png 728w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.49.05-300x70.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 728px) 100vw, 728px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"348\" height=\"396\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-216\" style=\"width: 200px;height: 228px;float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.50.03.png\" title=\"Tetraeedriline s\u00fcsinik\" alt=\"Tetraeedriline s\u00fcsinik\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.50.03.png 348w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.50.03-264x300.png 264w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\">Kuigi pildilt v\u00f5ib j\u00e4\u00e4da mulje, et k\u00f5ik s\u00fcsinikuaatomi sidemed paiknevad \u00fchel tasapinnal, paiknevad C aatomiga seotud neli \u00fcksiksidet tegelikult ruumiliselt ja on suunatud tetraeedri tippudesse. Seet\u00f5ttu ei ole ka enamik orgaanilisi aineid tasapinnalised, vaid ruumilise kujuga.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tVesinik ja halogeenid (fluor, kloor, broom, jood) annavad<b> \u00fche sideme<\/b>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"66\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-217\" style=\"width: 42px;height: 25px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.51.34.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.51.34.png\" alt=\"pilt\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<span lang=\"ET\" style=\"color:black\">Hapnik annab<b> kaks sidet<\/b>. Need v\u00f5ivad esineda kas kahe \u00fcksiksideme v\u00f5i \u00fche kaksiksidemena.<\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"318\" height=\"66\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-218\" style=\"width: 120px;height: 25px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.51.48.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.51.48.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.51.48.png 318w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.51.48-300x62.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tL\u00e4mmastik annab <b>kolm sidet<\/b>. Need sidemed v\u00f5ivad esineda erinevatel viisidel:\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tkolm \u00fcksiksidet,\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tkaksikside ja \u00fcksikside,\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tkolmikside.\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"508\" height=\"116\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-219\" style=\"width: 175px;height: 40px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.52.08.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.52.08.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.52.08.png 508w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.52.08-300x69.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\tLaenguga aatomite kohta eeltoodud sidemete arvud ei kehti. Kui hapniku aatom omab orgaanilises \u00fchendis negatiivset laengut, on tal vaid \u00fcks side, positiivse laenguga l\u00e4mmastikuaatomil on aga neli sidet. Need sidemete arvud\u00a0kehtivad\u00a0n\u00e4iteks ka\u00a0anorgaanilisest keemiast tuntud ioonides\u00a0OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ja NH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup>.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tTabel 1. Sidemete arvud orgaanilistes \u00fchendites\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"848\" height=\"750\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-220\" style=\"width: 400px;height: 354px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.54.43.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.54.43.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.54.43.png 848w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.54.43-300x265.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.54.43-768x679.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 848px) 100vw, 848px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width: 50px;height: 39px;float: right\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" title=\"popup.png\" alt=\"popup\">\u00a0<a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"Loe lisaks: Millest tuleneb elemendi keemiliste sidemete arv?\" data-content='\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tElemendi aatom omandab keemilisi sidemeid moodustades stabiilsema (madalama energiaga) oleku. Selleks peab \u00fcldreeglina aatom t\u00e4itma elektronidega t\u00e4ielikult oma v\u00e4liskihi sarnaselt perioodi l\u00f5pus paikneva v\u00e4\u00e4risgaasi aatomiga. Enamiku elementide puhul on selleks vaja 8 elektroni (elektronoktett), vesiniku jaoks kahte elektroni. Elementidele iseloomulikud keemiliste sidemete arvud l\u00e4htuvadki vajadusest saada t\u00e4ielikult t\u00e4idetud v\u00e4liskiht.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tN\u00e4iteks s\u00fcsinik paikneb IVA r\u00fchmas ja seet\u00f5ttu on s\u00fcsinikuaatomi v\u00e4liskihis neli elektroni. S\u00fcsinikuaatom vajab elektronokteti saamiseks juurde veel nelja t\u00e4iendavat elektroni. S\u00fcsinikuaatom moodustab teiste aatomitega just seet\u00f5ttu neli jagatud elektronipaari ehk neli kovalentset sidet, kus neli puuduvat elektroni on saadud teiste elementide aatomite v\u00e4liskihtidest.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-221\" style=\"width: 187px;height: 50px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.57.08.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.57.08.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tVesinikuaatomi elektronkihis on \u00fcks elektron, kuid t\u00e4ielikult t\u00e4idetud v\u00e4liskihi jaoks (nagu heeliumi korral) vajab ta veel \u00fchte elektroni.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-222\" style=\"width: 157px;height: 20px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.57.21.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.57.21.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tN\u00e4iteks metaanimolekulis on \u00fcks s\u00fcsinikuaatom ja neli vesinikuaatomit. Iga vesinikuaatomi elektron moodustab jagatud elektronipaari s\u00fcsinikuaatomi elektroniga. Kuna jagatud elektronipaar kuulub m\u00f5lemale aatomile, on metaanis iga vesinikuaatomi elektronkihis kaks elektroni ja s\u00fcsinikuaatomi v\u00e4liskihis 8 elektroni.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-223\" style=\"width: 315px;height: 80px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.57.46.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.57.46.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tHalogeeni (n\u00e4iteks kloori) aatomi v\u00e4liskihis on 7 elektroni, seega vajab halogeeniaatom elektronokteti saamiseks juurde samuti vaid \u00fchte elektroni.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-224\" style=\"width: 198px;height: 40px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.03.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.03.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tHapniku (VIA r\u00fchma elemendi) aatomi v\u00e4liskihis on 6 elektroni ning elektronokteti saamiseks piisab kahest t\u00e4iendavast elektronist.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-225\" style=\"width: 190px;height: 35px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.17.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.17.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tL\u00e4mmastiku (VA r\u00fchma elemendi) aatomi v\u00e4liskihis on 5 elektroni ning elektronokteti saamiseks on vaja veel kolme elektroni.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-226\" style=\"height: 40px;width: 182px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.32.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.32.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\tHapnikuaatomile saab tekkida negatiivne laeng nii, et O\u2013H side katkeb vesinikiooni eemaldamisega hapniku k\u00fcljest. Selle k\u00e4igus j\u00e4\u00e4b hapnikuaatomile vaba elektronipaar ning aatomi v\u00e4liskihis on ikkagi 8 elektroni. Seet\u00f5ttu ongi negatiivse laenguga O-aatomil ainult \u00fcks side. Positiivne laeng saab l\u00e4mmastikuaatomile tekkida n\u00e4iteks siis, kui vesinikioon seostub laenguta&amp;nbsp;l\u00e4mmastikuaatomi vaba elektronipaariga. Nii j\u00e4\u00e4b positiivse laenguga N-aatomile neli sidet. Elektronokteti olemasolu nendes aatomites seletab seega ka erineva sidemete arvu, v\u00f5rreldes neutraalsete aatomitega. Sarnaselt kehtib oktetireegel ka anorgaanilistes ioonides OH&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8211;&lt;\/sup&gt; ja NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;.\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t&lt;img class=\"alignnone wp-image-227\" style=\"width: 161px;height: 80px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.46.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_11.58.46.png\" alt=\"pilt\"&gt;\r\n&lt;\/p&gt;\r\n\r\n&lt;p&gt;\r\n\t'>Loe lisaks: Millest tuleneb elemendi keemiliste sidemete arv?<\/a>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\u00a0\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f502b852ca8-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f502b852ca8-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f502b852ca8-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f502b852ca8-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f502b852ca8-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2>\r\n\t\u00a0<br>Funktsionaalr\u00fchmad\r\n<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-228\" style=\"float: right;width: 117px;height: 100px;margin-left: 10px;margin-right: 10px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_13.58.26.png\" title=\"Karboks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm\" alt=\"Karboks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchm\">S\u00fcsiniku\u00fchendi keemilised (ja osalt ka f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised) omadused ja aineklassi m\u00e4\u00e4rab see, millised funktsionaalr\u00fchmad molekulis lisaks s\u00fcsinikahelale leiduvad. N\u00e4iteks k\u00e4ituvad karboks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchma\u00a0sisaldavad \u00fchendid vesilahuses n\u00f5rkade hapetena. Kui asendada hapnikuga seotud vesinikuaatom karboks\u00fc\u00fclr\u00fchmas s\u00fcsiniku aatomiga (n\u00e4iteks \u2013CH<sub>3<\/sub> koostises), saame esterr\u00fchma, mida sisaldavad \u00fchendid enam vesilahuses happelised ei ole. Oluliselt muutuvad ka aine lahustuvus, keemis- ja sulamistemperatuur jt f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused. Seet\u00f5ttu on orgaanilises keemias v\u00e4ga oluline j\u00e4lgida, kuidas on aatomid \u00fchendi molekulis omavahel seotud, sest v\u00e4ike muutus struktuuris v\u00f5ib muuta palju\u00a0aine omadusi.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h5>\r\n\tFunktsionaalr\u00fchm on aatomite r\u00fchm molekulis, mis m\u00e4\u00e4rab selle keemilised omadused.\r\n<\/h5>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"658\" height=\"274\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-229\" style=\"width: 240px;height: 100px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_13.59.39.png\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-11_at_13.59.39.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_13.59.39.png 658w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-11_at_13.59.39-300x125.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center\">\r\n\tJoonis 1. Vasakpoolne \u00fchend k\u00e4itub vesilahuses happena, parempoolne mitte\r\n<\/h6>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f502b852cad-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f502b852cad-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f502b852cad-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f502b852cad-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f502b852cad-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Orgaanilise aine\u00a0omadused m\u00e4\u00e4rab molekuli struktuur:\u00a0millised aatomid molekulis paiknevad ja kuidas\u00a0on need aatomid omavahel \u00fchendatud.\u00a0Orgaanilise keemiaga tegelemisel\u00a0tuleb osata struktuurivalemeid\u00a0kirjutada\u00a0ja\u00a0lugeda. Selleks tuleb tunda sidemete arve, mis\u00a0on elementidele iseloomulikud.\u00a0 J\u00e4rgnev video v\u00f5tab kokku orgaanilise keemia p\u00f5hialused (valemite kirjutamise ja oks\u00fcdatsiooniastmete m\u00e4\u00e4ramise). Kolmandate osapoolte &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-35","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":667,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35\/revisions\/667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}