{"id":31,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:17","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/47-metallide-sulamid\/"},"modified":"2025-03-20T10:30:48","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T08:30:48","slug":"47-metallide-sulamid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/47-metallide-sulamid\/","title":{"rendered":"4.7. Metallide sulamid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Metallid on meie igap\u00e4evaelus asendamatud materjalid. Neist valmistatakse v\u00e4ga palju erinevaid tarbeesemeid\u00a0alates t\u00f6\u00f6riistadest ja lauan\u00f5udest kuni autode, erinevate t\u00f6\u00f6stusseadmete ja konstruktsioonimaterjalideni. \u00dclevaate levinumatest metallidest ning nende sulamitest ja kasutamisest igap\u00e4evaelus annab j\u00e4rgnev video.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Allikas:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/CGAeWeG2Kus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/CGAeWeG2Kus\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/CGAeWeG2Kus<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>Sulameid saadakse peamiste koostiselementide kokkusulatamisel. Tihti toimub see koos metalli saamise protsessiga. Metallimaagis leiduvad lisandid redutseeruvad kaasa ja j\u00e4\u00e4vad seet\u00f5ttu metalli koostisesse. Selliselt saadud sulamitest puhta metalli saamine on juba v\u00e4ga keeruline ja kallis. Sulameid saab jaotada eba\u00fchtlasteks ja \u00fchtlasteks sulamiteks. Eba\u00fchtlaste sulamite korral on sulamit moodustavate metallide aatomite erinevused v\u00e4ga suured, seet\u00f5ttu ei moodustu \u00fchtset kristalliv\u00f5ret. Sellised sulamid koosnevad koostismetallide mikrokristallidest, mis on omavahel tugevalt seotud. Eba\u00fchtlased sulamid on n\u00e4iteks\u00a0tina, plii, antimoni ja vismuti sulamid. N\u00e4iteks jootetina on tina ja plii eba\u00fchtlane sulam. \u00dchtlased sulamid on tahked lahused. \u00dchtlases sulamis moodustavad sarnaste m\u00f5\u00f5tmetega metalliaatomid\u00a0\u00fchise kristalliv\u00f5re.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Sulamid v\u00f5ivad olla v\u00e4ga erinevate omadustega. Lisandite omadused ja nende hulk v\u00f5ib muuta sulami\u00a0sulamistemperatuuri,\u00a0k\u00f5vadust, tugevust v\u00f5i parandada korrosioonikindlust jt\u00a0omadusi. J\u00e4rgnevalt on \u00e4ra toodud m\u00f5ningate lisandite m\u00f5ju sulami omadustele:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cr \u2013 suurendab korrosioonikindlust;<\/li>\n<li>Ni \u2013 parandab sitkust, korrosioonikindlust;<\/li>\n<li>Co \u2013 muudab magnetilisi omadusi;<\/li>\n<li>Mo \u2013 parandab kulumiskindlust, k\u00f5vadust;<\/li>\n<li>Mn \u2013 parandab elastsust, kuumuskindlust;<\/li>\n<li>Ti \u2013 parandab kuumuskindlust, tugevust;<\/li>\n<li>Al \u2013 v\u00e4hendab tagi teket.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Raud ja tema sulamid<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Raud on kahtlemata \u00fcks olulisematest ja enim kasutatavatest metallidest. Oma levikult maakoores on ta neljandal kohal hapniku, r\u00e4ni ja alumiiniumi j\u00e4rel (metallilistest elementidest teisel kohal). Looduses leidub rauda ehedal kujul \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt v\u00e4he, eelk\u00f5ige raudmeteoriitides, siiski on teda mitmete \u00fchendite koostises, n\u00e4iteks savides, looduslikus vees ja kivimites. Samuti leidub elemendilist rauda elusorganismide veres hemoglobiini koostises.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Raua f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused on j\u00e4rgmised:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>h\u00f5behall l\u00e4ikiv metall;<\/li>\n<li>suhteliselt raske (\u03c1 = 7,9 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>);<\/li>\n<li>k\u00f5rge sulamistemperatuur (1540\u00a0<sup>o<\/sup>C);<\/li>\n<li>plastne (h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav);<\/li>\n<li>suhteliselt k\u00f5va (Mohri skaalal 4,5);<\/li>\n<li>magnetiliste omadustega.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Rauda toodetakse rauamaakidest, millest t\u00e4htsamad on punane rauamaak ehk <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">hematiit (Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>) ning must rauamaak ehk <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">magnetiit (Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-175 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"hematiit.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/hematiit.gif\" alt=\"Hematiit\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-176 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"magnetiit.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/magnetiit.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 1. Punane rauamaak ehk hematiit (vasakul) ja m<span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">ust rauamaak ehk <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">magnetiit (paremal)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Nimetus magnetiit tuleneb tema magnetilistest omadustest. Rauatoodang moodustab metallide kogutoodangust \u00fcle 90% ning kuna raud on k\u00fcllaltki odav ja heade f\u00fc\u00fcsikaliste omadustega metall, on sellel ka palju kasutusvaldkondi. Samas on t\u00e4iesti puhas raud v\u00f5rdlemisi pehme, mist\u00f5ttu kasutatakse esemete valmistamisel tema sulameid: malmi ja terast.<\/span><\/span><\/span> Sulam on <span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">materjal, mis koosneb mitmest metallist v\u00f5i metallist ja mittemetallist. Seega on sulam segu, mis tihti saadakse mitme erineva aine kokkusulatamisel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Malm on raua ja s\u00fcsiniku sulam, kus s\u00fcsiniku sisaldus on 2\u20265%. Veel sisaldub malmis n\u00e4iteks r\u00e4ni ja fosforit. Sulamalm on voolav, mist\u00f5ttu saab teda kergesti n\u00e4iteks vormi valada. Malm on v\u00f5rreldes rauaga k\u00f5vem, kuid hapram materjal. Malmist valmistatakse n\u00e4iteks radiaatoreid, malmpotte ja -panne ning pliidiraudasid ning kaminas\u00fcdamikke.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-177 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"malm.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/malm.gif\" alt=\"pilt\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-178 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"teras.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/teras.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 2. Malm (vasakul) ja teras (paremal)<\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Teine raua sulam on <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">teras, mis lisaks rauale sisaldab samuti s\u00fcsinikku nagu malmgi. Kui malmis on s\u00fcsiniku sisaldus 2\u20265%, siis terase s\u00fcsinikusisaldus on v\u00e4iksem \u2013\u00a00,002\u20262%. Tulenevalt v\u00e4iksemast s\u00fcsinikusisaldusest on teras paremini t\u00f6\u00f6deldav. Rauda kasutatakse naelte, auto- v\u00f5i laevakerede, t\u00f6\u00f6riistade, lauan\u00f5ude,\u00a0teraskonstruktsioonide jne valmistamisel. Nii malm kui ka teras on keemiliselt suhteliselt v\u00e4he vastupidavad. N\u00e4iteks \u00f5hus ja vees h\u00e4vivad nad \u00fcmbritseva keskkonna toimel ehk roostetavad. Selle v\u00e4ltimiseks lisatakse terasele n\u00e4iteks kroomi, saadakse roostevaba\u00a0teras,\u00a0mis on palju vastupidavam v\u00e4liskeskkonna toimele. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Alumiinium ja tema sulamid<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-179 alignnone\" style=\"float: right; width: 400px; height: 225px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;\" title=\"Joonis 3. Alumiinium\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/alumiinium.gif\" alt=\"Alumiinium\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Alumiinium on raua k\u00f5rval t\u00e4htsuselt teine ning looduses k\u00f5ige levinum metall. Kuna alumiinium on k\u00fcllaltki aktiivne metall, ei leidu teda looduses ehedalt.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Alumiiniumi f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused on j\u00e4rgmised:\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>h\u00f5bevalge l\u00e4ikiv metall;<\/li>\n<li>suhteliselt kerge (\u03c1 = 2,7 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>);<\/li>\n<li>suhteliselt madal sulamistemperatuur (660\u00a0<sup>o<\/sup>C);<\/li>\n<li>hea elektri- ja soojusjuht;<\/li>\n<li>plastne (h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav);<\/li>\n<li>\u00fcpris pehme (Mohri skaalal 2,5\u20263).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">T\u00e4htsaimaks alumiiniumimaagiks\u00a0on boksiit, mis koosneb peamiselt alumiiniumoksiidist (Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-180 alignnone\" style=\"float: right; width: 400px; height: 225px; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;\" title=\"Joonis 4. Boksiit\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/boksiit.gif\" alt=\"Boksiit\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Hoolimata sellest, et alumiinium on keemiliselt aktiivne ning reageerib kergesti \u00f5hus oleva hapnikuga, on alumiiniumist valmistatud esemed \u00f5huhapniku suhtes vastupidavad, kuna nende pinnale moodustub hapnikuga reageerimisel tihe ja kaitsev oksiidikiht, mis hoiab \u00e4ra esemete edasise kahjustumise. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>4Al + 3O<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 2Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">T\u00e4nu sellele, et<\/span><\/span> <span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">alumiinium on v\u00e4ikese tihedusega ning vastupidav \u00f5hu ja vee toimele, kasutatakse teda n\u00e4iteks n\u00f5ude ja joogipurkide valmistamisel. Lisaks<\/span><\/span> <span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">on alumiiniumil hea peegeldusv\u00f5ime, mist\u00f5ttu kasutatakse teda peeglites peegeldava kihina. Alumiiniumi k\u00f5ige tuntum sulam on duralumiinium, mis sisaldab lisandina umbes 4% vaske ning v\u00e4ikestes kogustes ka magneesiumi, mangaani ja r\u00e4ni. Duralumiinium on tugev, kuid v\u00e4ikese tihedusega materjal, mida kasutatakse n\u00e4iteks lennukikerede valmistamisel, aga ka laevadetailide tootmisel. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Vask ja tema sulamid<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-181 alignnone\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px; float: right; margin-left: 10px; margin-right: 10px;\" title=\"Joonis 5. Vask\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/vask.gif\" alt=\"Vask\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Vask on elementide levikult maakoores alles 26. kohal, kuid inimkond on kasutanud vaske juba antiikajast. Ehedalt leidub vaske looduses v\u00e4ga harva.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Vase f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused on j\u00e4rgmised:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"border: none; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">punakaspruuni v\u00e4rvusega;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: none; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">v\u00e4ga hea elektri- ja soojusjuht;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: none; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">suhteliselt raske (\u03c1 = 7,9 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">);<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: none; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">plastne (kergesti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav);<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: none; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">k\u00f5rge sulamistemperatuur (1083\u00a0<sup>o<\/sup>C);<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"border: none;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">suhteliselt pehme (Mohri skaalal 3).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"border: none;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Vaske toodetakse vasemaakidest, millest t\u00e4htsamad on <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">vaskl\u00e4ik (Cu<sub>2<\/sub>S) ning <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">kalkop\u00fcriit (CuFeS<sub>2<\/sub>). T\u00e4nu\u00a0keemilisele p\u00fcsivusele ning v\u00e4ga heale elektrijuhtivusele\u00a0kasutatakse vaske laialdaselt elektrijuhtmetes ning elektroonikas. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-182 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"vasklaik.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/vasklaik.gif\" alt=\"pilt\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-183 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"kalkopuriit.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/kalkopuriit.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Joonis 6. Vaskl\u00e4ik (vasakul) ja\u00a0kalkop\u00fcriit (paremal)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p style=\"border: none;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Vasel on kaks t\u00e4htsat sulamit: pronks ja messing. <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Pronks on punaka v\u00f5i kollaka v\u00e4rvusega vase ning tina sulam. Pronksi saab h\u00e4sti valada ning tegemist on vastupidava ja k\u00f5va materjaliga, mist\u00f5ttu kasutatakse teda n\u00e4iteks skulptuuride, monumentide, aga ka kirikukellade valmistamisel. Vase teine sulam on messing ehk valgevask. <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Messing on oma v\u00e4rvuselt helekollane sulam, mis lisaks vasele sisaldab kuni 40% tsinki. Messingit kasutatakse tema v\u00e4limuse t\u00f5ttu erinevate nipsasjakeste, aga ka uksenuppude ja toruliitmike valmistamiseks. Veel kasutatakse messingit puhkpillide valmistamisel. Lisaks sellele kasutatakse vasesulameid laialdaselt m\u00fcntide tootmisel, kuna tegemist on h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldava, k\u00fcllaltki odava ja keemiliselt stabiilse materjaliga. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"border: none; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-184 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"pronks.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/pronks.gif\" alt=\"pilt\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"wp-image-185 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 225px;\" title=\"messing.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/messing.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"border: none; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\">Joonis 7. Pronks (vasakul) ja messing (paremal)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12ae-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f3a0f0d12ae-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12ae-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12ae-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12ae-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 295px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/plugins\/h5p\/h5p-php-library\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12b8-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f3a0f0d12b8-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12b8-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12b8-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12b8-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 316px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/plugins\/h5p\/h5p-php-library\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Tabel 1. Raua sulamite n\u00e4ited ja nende omadusi<\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Rauasulamid<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 200px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Omadused<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sulami kasutusala<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Malm<\/strong><br>(Fe+\u00fcle 2% C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>habras, raskesti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Igap\u00e4evaelus kohtad malmist tehtud k\u00f6\u00f6gitarvikuid,\u00a0pliidiraudu, masinate korpuseid ja keresid.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Teras<\/strong><br>(Fe+alla 2% C+S,P)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav,\u00a0 k\u00f5va, rauast rabedam<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Terasest tehakse paljud ehituskonstruktsioonid,\u00a0mitmesugused t\u00f6\u00f6riistad.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Roostevaba teras<\/strong><br>(Fe+Cr)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>vastupidavam korrosioonile<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Roostevaba terase kasutusala on v\u00e4ga sarnane terasega. Roostevaba terase korral on lisatud Cr, mis annab sulamile veel parema korrosioonikaitse. See ei t\u00e4henda seda, et roostevaba teras aja jooksul ei korrodeeruks. Sellest on tehtud paljud t\u00f6\u00f6riistad, noad, k\u00e4\u00e4rid jm.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Tabel 2. Vase sulami n\u00e4ited ja nende omadusi<\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"width: 100%;\" border=\"1\" width=\"1112\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 150px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Vasesulamid<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 200px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Omadused<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Sulami kasutusala<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Pronks<\/strong><br>(Cu+Sn)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>vastupidav ja k\u00f5va materjal<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>Skulptuurid, medalid, seadmed. Nt Kristjan Jaak Petersoni pronkskuju saad minna vaatama Tartu Toomem\u00e4ele.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Messing e\u00a0valgevask<\/strong><br>(Cu+Zn)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>tsingi lisand annab tugeva korrosioonikindluse,\u00a0<br>heleda kollaka v\u00e4rvuse<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>K\u00f5ige levinum rakendus on erinevad torustiku osad, veekraanid,\u00a0 masinaosad, vaskpillid.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Melhior<\/strong><br>(Cu+Ni+Fe+Mn)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>odavam alternatiiv h\u00f5badase l\u00e4ikega materjali saamiseks, h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav, v\u00e4ga hea korrosiooni- ja kuumuskindel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"254\">\n<p>Kasutatakse laialdaselt erinevate nipsasjakeste tootmisel:\u00a0m\u00fcndid, ehted, lauatarbed, kellaosad.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"200\" height=\"102\">\n<p><strong>Uush\u00f5be<\/strong><br>(Cu+Ni+Zn)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"362\">\n<p>h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldav, keemiliselt vastupidav, odav<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12bb-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f3a0f0d12bb-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12bb-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12bb-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f3a0f0d12bb-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Metallid on meie igap\u00e4evaelus asendamatud materjalid. Neist valmistatakse v\u00e4ga palju erinevaid tarbeesemeid\u00a0alates t\u00f6\u00f6riistadest ja lauan\u00f5udest kuni autode, erinevate t\u00f6\u00f6stusseadmete ja konstruktsioonimaterjalideni. \u00dclevaate levinumatest metallidest ning nende sulamitest ja kasutamisest igap\u00e4evaelus annab j\u00e4rgnev video. Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega. &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-31","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1013,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions\/1013"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}