{"id":28,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:16","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/44-metallide-fuusikalised-omadused\/"},"modified":"2025-04-17T18:04:22","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T15:04:22","slug":"44-metallide-fuusikalised-omadused","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/44-metallide-fuusikalised-omadused\/","title":{"rendered":"4.4. Metallide f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Paljud metallide f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused on meile tuttavad argielu kogemustest.\u00a0 Kindlasti tead, et enamik metalle peegeldab h\u00e4sti valgust. Peegeldus ja l\u00e4ige avalduvad eriti h\u00e4sti poleeritud pinnal. Parima peegeldusv\u00f5imega on Ag, Al ja In, mist\u00f5ttu neid kasutatakse peeglite valmistamisel. Metallide \u00fcldiste omaduste kohta saad vaadata j\u00e4rgnevast videost.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6>Allikas:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Bei8q6d46RE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Bei8q6d46RE<\/a><\/h6>\n<h5 style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\">Metallid on head soojusjuhid.<\/h5>\n<p>Metallid on head soojusjuhid. Metalleseme kuumutamisel levib soojus kiiresti \u00fcle kogu eseme. Mainimata ei saa j\u00e4tta metallide head elektrijuhtivust, mis v\u00f5imaldab neid kasutada elektrijuhtmete valmistamsel ning erinevates kontaktides. Ag, Cu, Al, Au, Fe juhivad elektrit h\u00e4sti, Pb ja Hg halvasti.<\/p>\n<h2>Metallide erijuhtivus<\/h2>\n<p>Erinevate metallide juhtivate omaduste v\u00f5rdlemisel kasutatakse suurust erijuhtivus. Erijuhtivus\u00a0iseloomustab aine v\u00f5i materjali v\u00f5imet elektrit juhtida. Mida suurem on arvuliselt erijuhtivus, seda paremini materjal juhib elektrit.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00f5ningate metallide erijuhtivusi n\u00e4eb tabelist 1.\u00a0K\u00f5ige parem elektrijuht on Ag, teisel kohal on vask. Head erijuhtivuse omadused on tingitud vabadest\u00a0elektronidest aatomi v\u00e4lisel elektronkihil (joonis 1).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1856\" height=\"802\" class=\"wp-image-151 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px; height: 346px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19.png 1856w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19-1024x442.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.30.19-1536x664.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1856px) 100vw, 1856px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 1. Metallide elektrijuhtivuse v\u00f5rdlus.\u00a0Allikas: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Conductivity\/Electric\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Conductivity\/Electric\">https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Conductivity\/Electric<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>Ka leelismetallid on head elektrijuhid, kuna nende aatomite v\u00e4lisel elektronkihil on \u00fcks vaba elektron. V\u00e4ga suure keemilise aktiivsuse t\u00f5ttu pole aga leelismetallid\u00a0praktiliseks kasutamiseks sobilikud.<\/p>\n<h6>Tabel 1. Metallide f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused<\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Metall<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Al<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Fe<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Cu<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Ag<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Au<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>Sn (\u03b1-Sn)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p><strong>W<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Sulamistemperatuur (<sup>o<\/sup>C)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">660<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1535<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1083<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">962<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">1064<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">232<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">3380<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Tihedus (g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">2,70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">7,87<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">8,960<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">10,5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">19,32<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">5,77<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">19,30<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p>Erijuhtivus (S\/m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">35,7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">10,2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">58.1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">62,5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">41,7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">8,3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">18,2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Metallide v\u00e4rvus<\/h2>\n<p>Kuigi metallidel on palju \u00fchiseid omadusi, v\u00f5ivad nende f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused \u00fcsna tugevalt erineda. On metalle, mis m\u00f5ne oma omaduse poolest teistest oluliselt erinevad. T\u00fc\u00fcpilisi metallide v\u00e4rvusi n\u00e4eb jooniselt 2. Enamik metalle on t\u00fcki v\u00f5i lehe kujul h\u00f5bevalged v\u00f5i halli v\u00e4rvi, aga kuld on kollane ja vask punakas. Pulbrina on metallid tuhmhallid v\u00f5i hoopiski mustad (joonist 3), kuna metalli pind oks\u00fcdeerub kiiresti \u00f5huhapnikuga ja metalli pinnale tekib oksiidide kiht. Alumiiniumil ja magneesiumil s\u00e4ilib h\u00f5bedane l\u00e4ige ka pulbri kujul. Metallid erinevad \u00fcksteisest ka iseloomuliku helgi poolest. N\u00e4iteks Cr ja Pb helgivad sinakalt, Bi punakalt, Ni kollakalt, Zn sinakasvalgelt.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1414\" height=\"522\" class=\"wp-image-144 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 185px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.18.44.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.18.44.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.18.44.png 1414w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.18.44-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.18.44-1024x378.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.18.44-768x284.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1414px) 100vw, 1414px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 2. Metallide v\u00e4rvused<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1330\" height=\"646\" class=\"wp-image-145 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 243px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.19.32.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.19.32.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.19.32.png 1330w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.19.32-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.19.32-1024x497.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-10_at_08.19.32-768x373.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1330px) 100vw, 1330px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 3.\u00a0 Pulbrilise ja t\u00fckilise metalli omaduste v\u00f5rdlus<\/h6>\n<p>Kui enamik metalle on\u00a0tavatingimustel tahked ained, siis termomeetrites kasutatav elavh\u00f5be on erand \u2013 toatemperatuuril on Hg vedelik (vaata joonist 4).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 4. Elavh\u00f5be (Hg)<\/h6>\n<h2>Metallide k\u00f5vadus<\/h2>\n<p>Metallidel on v\u00e4ga erinev k\u00f5vadus. Leelismetallid ning osad leelismuldmetallid on noaga h\u00e4sti l\u00f5igatavad. R\u00fchmas allpool olevaid metalle on noaga lihtsam l\u00f5igata. Liitiumi on m\u00f5nev\u00f5rra raskem l\u00f5igata kui kaaliumi (vaata joonist 5).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"342\" class=\"wp-image-146 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 285px;\" title=\"video_3_liitiumi_ja_kaaliumi_loikamine_skalpelliga.gif\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/video_3_liitiumi_ja_kaaliumi_loikamine_skalpelliga.gif\" alt=\"pilt\"><\/p>\n<h6><span style=\"line-height: 101%;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 101%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Joonis 5. L\u00f5ikamisel tekkiv l\u00e4ikiv liitiumi pind oks\u00fcdeerub kiiresti \u00f5huhapnikuga ning sama juhtub kaaliumiga. Liitiumi pinna tuhmumine on seotud Li<sub>2<\/sub>O tekkega pinnale,\u00a0 kaaliumi korral tekib pinnale peroksiidide kiht, KO<sub>2<\/sub>. Liitiumit on skalpelliga raskem l\u00f5igata kui kaaliumi.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h6>\n<p>Teiste metallide l\u00f5ikamiseks tuleb kasutada spetsiaalseid vahendeid. Suhteliselt pehmed metallid on ka puhas kuld, plii ja tina, mida saab k\u00fc\u00fcnega kriimustada. K\u00f5ige k\u00f5vem metall on kroom, terava kroomit\u00fckiga on v\u00f5imalik kriimustada klaasi. Metallide k\u00f5vadus s\u00f5ltub puhtusest. Puhtad metallid on pehmemad, lisandid suurendavad metalli k\u00f5vadust. Erinevate metallide k\u00f5vaduse v\u00f5rdlust n\u00e4ed joonisel 6.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1856\" height=\"802\" class=\"wp-image-152 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px; height: 346px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55.png 1856w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55-1024x442.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.31.55-1536x664.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1856px) 100vw, 1856px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 6. Metallide k\u00f5vaduse v\u00f5rdlus.\u00a0Allikas: https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Hardness\/Mohs<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"popup.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" alt=\"popup\"> <a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"Loe lisaks: Kuidas m\u00e4\u00e4rata metallide k\u00f5vadust.\" data-content='&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Metallide k\u00f5vadust m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse erinevate skaalade alusel, tuntum neist on Mohsi skaala (tabel 2). Skaala aluseks on 10 erinevat mineraali (ainet), millega metalli pindasid kriimustatakse. Selle skaala alusel on k\u00f5ige k\u00f5vem aine teemant, s\u00fcsiniku \u00fcks allotroopidest.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tabel 2. Mohsi skaala k\u00f5vaduse m\u00e4\u00e4ramiseks.&lt;\/em&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;table class=\"table table-hover\" class=\"x_MsoNormalTable\" border=\"1\" width=\"623\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\"&gt;\n&lt;tbody&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\" data-olk-copy-source=\"MessageBody\"&gt;Mineraal&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/b&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;Keemiline valem&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/b&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;Suhteline k\u00f5vadus&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/b&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;talk&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;Mg&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;Si&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;\/sub&gt;(OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;1&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;kips&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;CaSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;\u00b72H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;O&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;2&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;kaltsiit&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;3&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;fluoriit&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;CaF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;4&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;apatiit&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;Ca&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;\/sub&gt;(PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;(F,OH,Cl)&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;5&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;ortoklaas&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;KAlSi&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;6&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;kvarts&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;7&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;topaas&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;(SiO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;\/sub&gt;)(F,OH)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;8&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;korund&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;9&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;tr&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;teemant&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;C&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;td valign=\"top\" width=\"208\"&gt;\n&lt;p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"&gt;&lt;span lang=\"ET\"&gt;10&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;\/td&gt;\n&lt;\/tr&gt;\n&lt;\/tbody&gt;\n&lt;\/table&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;'>Loe lisaks: Kuidas m\u00e4\u00e4rata metallide k\u00f5vadust.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Metallide sulamistemperatuur<\/h2>\n<p>Sulamistemperatuur s\u00f5ltub metallilise sideme osat\u00e4htsusest metallis. Metalliline side on \u00fcsna n\u00f5rk side. Metallilise sideme osakaal on k\u00f5ige suurem leelis- ja leelismuldmetallidel, seet\u00f5ttu on neil ka \u00fcsna madal sulamistemperatuur. Perioodilisuse s\u00fcsteemis r\u00fchmas\u00a0\u00fclevalt alla sulamistemperatuur A r\u00fchma metallidel \u00fcldiselt kahaneb. See on tingitud sellest, et aatomiraadius suureneb ja metalliline side j\u00e4rjest n\u00f5rgeneb (joonis 7).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1856\" height=\"802\" class=\"wp-image-153 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px; height: 346px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02.png 1856w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02-1024x442.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.34.02-1536x664.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1856px) 100vw, 1856px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 7. Metallide sulamistemeratuuride v\u00f5rdlus.\u00a0Allikas: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/BoilingPoint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/BoilingPoint\">https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/BoilingPoint<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>M\u00f5nede metallide sulamistemperatuurid on toodud tabelis 1. Madalaima sulamistemperatuuriga on elavh\u00f5be (Hg) ning k\u00f5rgeim sulamistemperatuur (3380 \u00b0C) on volframil (W). Volframil on aatomitevaheliste kovalentsete sidemete osat\u00e4htsus k\u00f5ige suurem. V\u00e4ga k\u00f5rge sulamistemperatuuriga on ka volframi l\u00e4hedal asuv tantaal, nioobium ja mitmed teised siirdemetallid. Sulamistemperatuuri alusel jaotatakse metallid kerg- ja rasksulavateks. Kergsulavad on metallid, mille sulamistemperatuur on alla 500 \u00b0C, ja rasksulavateks nimetatakse metalle, mille sulamistemperatuur \u00fcletab 1000 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kergsulavad: In, Li, Sn (temperatuuril 100\u2013300 \u00b0C); Cd, Pb, Zn (temperatuuril 300\u2013500 \u00b0C).<\/li>\n<li>Rasksulavad: Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe, Mo, Ta.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00e4ga\u00a0raskesti sulavad: Os, Re, W.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Metallide tihedus<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Metallide tihedus on tingitud eelk\u00f5ige elemendi aatommassist, kristallv\u00f5re ehitusest ja v\u00e4hesemal m\u00e4\u00e4ral ka aatomiraadiusest. <\/span><\/span>Metalli tihedus on seda v\u00e4iksem, mida v\u00e4iksem on selle aatommass ja suurem aatomiraadius. <span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Perioodilisuse tabeli ridades \u00fclevalt alla aatommass suureneb ja seet\u00f5ttu ka tihedus suureneb. Eriti suure tihedusega on siirdemetallid (joonis 8). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1856\" height=\"802\" class=\"wp-image-154 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 800px; height: 346px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17.png 1856w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17-300x130.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17-1024x442.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17-768x332.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.35.17-1536x664.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1856px) 100vw, 1856px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\">Joonis 8. Metallide tiheduste v\u00f5rdlus.\u00a0Allikas: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Density\/STP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Density\/STP\">https:\/\/ptable.com\/?lang=et#Properties\/Density\/STP<\/a><\/h6>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Enamik metalle on veest raskemad, st nende tihedus on suurem kui 1 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"line-height: normal;\"><span lang=\"ET\">Eradiks on ainult osa leelismetalle (Na, Li, K).\u00a0 Kergeim metall on liitium. Liitium on isegi nii kerge, et ujub petrooleumi peal (vaata joonis 9). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"674\" height=\"1002\" class=\"wp-image-150 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 200px; height: 297px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.28.18.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.28.18.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.28.18.png 674w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-14_at_08.28.18-202x300.png 202w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 9. \u00a0Liitium \u00f5lis.\u00a0Allikas:\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium#\/media\/File:Lithium_element.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium#\/media\/File:Lithium_element.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithium#\/media\/File:Lithium_element.jpg<\/a><\/h6>\n<p>Tiheduse alusel jaotatakse metallid ja ka sulamid kergmetallideks (kergsulamid, tihedusega alla 5 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>),\u00a0raskmetallid (rasksulamid, tihedus vahemikus 5\u201310 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>) ja \u00fclirasketeks (tihedus \u00fcle 10 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>). Enamik tuntud argielu metalle on raskmetallid ja nende tihedus on suurem kui 5 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>. Suurima tihedusega on osmium (Os). Praktikas eelistatakse\u00a0metalle, mis on kerged ehk v\u00e4ikse tihedusega, n\u00e4iteks alumiinium ja magneesium.<\/p>\n<p>Metallide ja metallisulamite \u00fcheks suurimaks eeliseks teiste materjalide ees on plastilisus. Hea plastilisuse annab suur metallilise sideme osakaal. Metallilise sideme osakaal suureneb perioodilisuse tabelis r\u00fchmas \u00fclalt alla ja perioodis paremalt vasakule. See omadus teeb metallid ja nende sulamid h\u00e4sti t\u00f6\u00f6deldavaks, v\u00f5imaldades neid venitada, valtsida ning sepistada. K\u00f5ige pehmemad metallid on leelismetallid, mida saab ka noaga l\u00f5igata.\u00a0Leelismetallid erinevad teistest metallidest ka aktiivuse poolest. \u00d5huhapniku juuresolekul reageerivad kergesti, mist\u00f5ttu neid hoitakse sellistes orgaanilistes lahustes, mis takistavad metalli korrosiooni. Leelismetallid ja leelismuldmetallid on t\u00f6\u00f6stuses kasutamiseks liiga pehmed ja keemiliselt aktiivsed.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>F\u00fc\u00fcsikaliste omaduste alusel metallide liigituse v\u00f5tab kokku joonis 10.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"272\" class=\"wp-image-155 aligncenter\" title=\"tabel_metallide_omadused.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/tabel_metallide_omadused.png\" alt=\"joonis10\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/tabel_metallide_omadused.png 680w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/tabel_metallide_omadused-300x120.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 10. Kokkuv\u00f5tlik skeem metallide f\u00fc\u00fcsikaliste omaduste ja aktiivsuse j\u00e4rgi<\/h6>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2eb-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc02e3ed2eb-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2eb-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2eb-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2eb-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2f1-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc02e3ed2f1-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2f1-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2f1-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc02e3ed2f1-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paljud metallide f\u00fc\u00fcsikalised omadused on meile tuttavad argielu kogemustest.\u00a0 Kindlasti tead, et enamik metalle peegeldab h\u00e4sti valgust. Peegeldus ja l\u00e4ige avalduvad eriti h\u00e4sti poleeritud pinnal. Parima peegeldusv\u00f5imega on Ag, Al ja In, mist\u00f5ttu neid kasutatakse peeglite valmistamisel. Metallide \u00fcldiste omaduste &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-28","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1258,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/28\/revisions\/1258"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}