{"id":24,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:16","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/37-hapete-ja-aluste-protoluutiline-teooria\/"},"modified":"2025-04-07T20:02:33","modified_gmt":"2025-04-07T17:02:33","slug":"37-hapete-ja-aluste-protoluutiline-teooria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/37-hapete-ja-aluste-protoluutiline-teooria\/","title":{"rendered":"3.7. Hapete ja aluste protol\u00fc\u00fctiline teooria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Hapete ja aluste definitsioone ja teooriaid on mitmeid. \u00dcks lihtsamaid (s\u00f5nastatud Svante Arrheniuse poolt): hape on aine, mille lahustumisel vees tekivad lahusesse vesinikioonid, ja alus on aine, mille lahustumisel vees tekivad h\u00fcdroksiidioonid. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Sellisest k\u00e4sitlusest alati ei piisa, sest happed ja alused v\u00f5ivad esineda ka mittevesilahustes ning alused v\u00f5ivad olla ained, mis h\u00fcdroksiidioone ei anna. Seet\u00f5ttu kirjeldab happeid-aluseid \u00fcldisemalt <\/span><\/span>protol\u00fc\u00fctiline teooria.<\/p>\n<h5>Hape on aine, mis loovutab prootoni ehk vesinikiooni (prootoni doonor).<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Protol\u00fc\u00fctilise hapete-aluste k\u00e4sitluse j\u00e4rgi on\u00a0<\/span><\/span>hape aine, mis loovutab prootoni ehk vesinikiooni (hape on prootoni doonor).<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"948\" height=\"406\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-118\" style=\"width: 187px; height: 80px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.44.18.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.44.18.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.44.18.png 948w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.44.18-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.44.18-768x329.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\"><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">HCl k\u00e4itub kui hape ja loovutab prootoni:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"972\" height=\"162\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-119\" style=\"width: 240px; height: 40px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.45.12.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.45.12.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.45.12.png 972w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.45.12-300x50.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.45.12-768x128.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 972px) 100vw, 972px\"><\/p>\n<p>Selles reaktsioonis k\u00e4itub vesi\u00a0kui alus ehk liidab prootoni:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1016\" height=\"198\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-120\" style=\"width: 205px; height: 40px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.46.42.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.46.42.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.46.42.png 1016w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.46.42-300x58.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.46.42-768x150.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1016px) 100vw, 1016px\"><\/p>\n<h5>Alus on aine, mis seob prootoni (prootoni aktseptor).<\/h5>\n<p>Alus on aine, mis seob prootoni (prootoni aktseptor). <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Happe ja aluse vahelises reaktsioonis ehk\u00a0neutralisatsioonireaktsioonis loovutab hape oma prootoni alusele:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"998\" height=\"142\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-121\" style=\"width: 281px; height: 40px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.48.26.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.48.26.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.48.26.png 998w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.48.26-300x43.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.48.26-768x109.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 998px) 100vw, 998px\"><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Ammoniaak k\u00e4itub kui n\u00f5rk alus ja liidab prootoni:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"174\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-122\" style=\"width: 221px; height: 40px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.49.17.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.49.17.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.49.17.png 960w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.49.17-300x54.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.49.17-768x139.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 24.0pt;\"><span lang=\"et\">Ammoniaagi k\u00f5rval k\u00e4itub vesi kui hape ja loovutab prootoni. Vaata uuesti soolhappe n\u00e4idet (pth 3.6.). Siis oli vesi hoopis aluseks. Tegelikult eksisteerivad hape ja alus protol\u00fc\u00fctilise teooria alusel alati koos: happelisemate omadustega aine on prootoni doonoriks ja v\u00e4hem happeline aine seob prootoni.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Vesi k\u00e4itub kui amfol\u00fc\u00fct. Seega vesi v\u00f5ib reageerida kui hapete (prootoni doonor) kui ka alustega (prootoni aktseptro). Seet\u00f5ttu kutsutakse vett amfol\u00fc\u00fcdiks \u2013 veel on nii happelised kui ka aluselised omadused.<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc0311080d9-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc0311080d9-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc0311080d9-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc0311080d9-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc0311080d9-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Milline on lahuse happelisus ehk pH<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Lahuse happelisus (aluselisus) on seotud h\u00fcdrooniumioonide (H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup>) v\u00f5i\u00a0(lihtsamalt)\u00a0vesinikioonide (H<sup>+<\/sup>) kontsentratsiooniga lahuses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Allikas:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/YGIzUrZKzGQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/YGIzUrZKzGQ\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/YGIzUrZKzGQ<\/a><\/h6>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Vesi on v\u00e4ga n\u00f5rk elektrol\u00fc\u00fct ja dissotsieerub v\u00e4ga v\u00e4hesel m\u00e4\u00e4ral:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O \u21c6 H<\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">+<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u00a0 + OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Veest tekib\u00a0v\u00f5rdne hulk H<sup>+<\/sup> ja OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ioone, sellep\u00e4rast on puhas vesi neutraalne.\u00a0 Nii H<sup>+<\/sup> kui ka OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ioonide kontsentratsioonon vees on ligikaudu 10<sup>-7<\/sup> M.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5>Lahuse happelisust v\u00e4ljendatakse vesinikeksponendi ehk pH-na.<\/h5>\n<p>Neutraalse lahuse pH = 7.<br>Happelise lahuse\u00a0pH &lt; 7.<br>Aluselise lahuse\u00a0pH &gt; 7.<\/p>\n<p>Neutraalsete lahuste\u00a0pH = 7 ja v<span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">esinikioonide molaarne kontsentratsioon on <i>c<\/i><sub>H+\u00a0<\/sub>= 10<sup>-7<\/sup> M .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\">Happelistes lahustes on pH v\u00e4iksem 7-st (pH &lt; 7), ve<span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">sinikioonide kontsentratsioon on\u00a0 <i>c<\/i><sub>H+ <\/sub>&gt; 10<sup>-7<\/sup> M ja h\u00fcdroksiidioonide kontsentratsioon on v\u00e4iksem kui 10<sup>-7<\/sup> M. Mida happelisem on lahus, seda madalam on lahuse pH v\u00e4\u00e4rtus. pH-skaalas vastab v\u00e4\u00e4rtus pH = 0 v\u00e4ga tugevale happele, mille vesinikioonide kontsentratsioon lahuses on <i>c<\/i><sub>H+<\/sub>= 1 M.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\">Aluselistes lahustes pH on suurem 7-st (pH &gt; 7) ja <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">vesinikioonide kontsentratsioon on <i>c<\/i><sub>H+ <\/sub>&lt; 10<sup>-7<\/sup> M ning h\u00fcdroksiidioonide kontsentratsioon on <i>c<\/i><sub>H+ <\/sub>&gt; 10<sup>-7<\/sup>. Seega aluselises lahuses on OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ioone rohkem kui H<sup>+<\/sup> ioone. Mida aluselisem on lahus, seda suurem on lahuse pH v\u00e4\u00e4rtus. pH v\u00e4\u00e4rtus 14 vastab v\u00e4ga tugevale alusele, milles vesinikioonide kontsentratsioon on \u00fcliv\u00e4ike: <i>c<\/i><sub>H+ <\/sub>= 10<\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u221214<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> M. Samas h\u00fcdroksiidioonide kontsentratsioon on v\u00e4ga k\u00f5rge <em>c<\/em><sub>OH<\/sub>\u2013 = 1 M<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Lahuse happelisust v\u00e4ljendatakse vesinikeksponendi ehk pH-na.<\/p>\n<p>pH arvuline v\u00e4\u00e4rtus on v\u00f5rdne vesinikioonide kontsentratsiooni (<em>c<\/em><sub>H+<\/sub>) negatiivse logaritmiga:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">pH = -log <em>c<\/em><sub>H+<\/sub><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">N\u00e4iteks neutraalse lahuse pH = -log (1\u00d710<sup>-7<\/sup>) = 7<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Analoogselt saab defineerida ka h\u00fcdroksiideksponendi: <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">pOH = \u2212log <\/span><\/span><i><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">c<\/span><\/span><\/i><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">OH\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">pH ja pOH on vesilahustes teineteisega seotud: pH + pOH = 14. Seda v\u00f5rrandit saab vastastikusteks \u00fcleminekuteks kasutada. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Ole nende valemite kasutamisel t\u00e4helepanelik. Soolhape on tugevam hape kui vesi ja ei ole v\u00f5imalik valmistada HCl lahust, mille pH oleks &gt; 7. Samamoodi ei saa ka kuitahes lahja NaOH lahus olla happeline, sest NaOH on tugevam alus kui vesi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1202\" height=\"294\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-123\" style=\"width: 613px; height: 150px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.52.46.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.52.46.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.52.46.png 1202w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.52.46-300x73.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.52.46-1024x250.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.52.46-768x188.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1202px) 100vw, 1202px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 1. pH skaala ja vesinikioonide molaarsed kontsentratsioonid. Allikas:\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/e-koolikott.ee\/oppematerjal\/16509-Lahuse-pH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/e-koolikott.ee\/oppematerjal\/16509-Lahuse-pH\">https:\/\/e-koolikott.ee\/oppematerjal\/16509-Lahuse-pH<\/a><\/h6>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Nii tugevalt happelised kui ka tugevalt aluselised lahused on v\u00e4ga s\u00f6\u00f6vitava toimega, sellep\u00e4rast on oluline osata lahuse pH-d m\u00e4\u00e4rata.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc0311080de-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc0311080de-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc0311080de-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc0311080de-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc0311080de-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Molekulaarne ja ioonv\u00f5rrand <\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Siiani oled kirjutanud reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrandeid molekulaarsel kujul, kus l\u00e4hteained ja saadused on esitatud molekulvalemitena ja lahuses tekkivaid ioone pole eraldi v\u00e4lja toodud. N\u00e4iteks hape reageerib alusega ning tekib sool ja vesi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">NaOH + HCl <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2192 NaCl + H<\/span><\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O \u00a0 molekulaarne v\u00f5rrand<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Soolad ja tugevad alused on aga ioonilised ained. Ioonilised ained on ained, milles osakesi (ioone) seovad ioonilised sidemed. Tahke iooniline aine koosneb seega ioonidest: katioonidest ja anioonidest. Katioon on positiivse ning anioon negatiivse laenguga osake. <\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Ioonidevahelisi reaktsioone saab esitada ioonv\u00f5rrandina. Ioonidevahelised reaktsioonid saavad toimuda ioonide kontsentratsiooni v\u00e4henemise suunas, kui<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">tekib sade, <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">eraldub gaas, <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">tekib vesi v\u00f5i m\u00f5ni muu n\u00f5rk elektrol\u00fc\u00fct.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Allikas:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/YGIzUrZKzGQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/YGIzUrZKzGQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lvkLPwbV5iM&amp;list=PLDq4dTA-nGpj7MuhXrHsurq6XQR1gUamV&amp;index=4<\/a><\/h6>\n<p><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Vaatame kolme n\u00e4idet ioonv\u00f5rrandite kirjutamise kohta.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">1. n\u00e4ide. Ioonidevahelisel reaktsioonil tekib sade<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Molekulaarne v\u00f5rrand:<br>2 NaOH + CuSO<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> \u2192 Cu(OH)<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2193 + Na<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Reaktsiooni tulemusena tekib rasklahustuv h\u00fcdroksiid Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>. T\u00e4ieliku ioonv\u00f5rrandi korral kirjutatakse k\u00f5ik vees h\u00e4sti lahustuvad , tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid ioonsel kujul. N\u00f5rgad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid, gaasilised ained ja mitteelektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid kirjutatakse molekulvalemina.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">T\u00e4ielik ioonv\u00f5rrand:<br>2 Na<sup>+<\/sup> + 2 OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + Cu<sup>2+<\/sup> + SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2\u2013\u00a0 <\/sup><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2192 <\/span><\/span><strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><strong>\u2193<\/strong> + 2 Na<sup>+<\/sup> + SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2\u2013<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tumedamalt\u00a0on m\u00e4rgitud rasklahustuv vask(II) h\u00fcdroksiid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tegelikult osalevad reaktsioonis ainult Cu<sup>2+<\/sup> ja OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ioonid. L\u00fchendatud ioonv\u00f5rrandis m\u00e4rgi ainult need ioonid, mis v\u00f5tavad reaktsioonist osa.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">L\u00fchendatud ioonv\u00f5rrand:<br>Cu<sup>2+<\/sup> + 2 OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> \u2192 <\/span><\/span><strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2193<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2. n\u00e4ide. Ioonidevahelisel reaktsioonil eraldub gaas<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Naatriumsulfiidi vesilahusele vesinikkloriidhape lahuse lisamisel eraldub m\u00e4damunahaisuline gaas H<sub>2<\/sub>S.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Molekulaarne v\u00f5rrand:<br>Na<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">S + 2 HCl \u2192 <\/span><\/span><strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>S<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>+ 2 NaCl<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">T\u00e4ielik ioonv\u00f5rrand:<br>2 Na<sup>+<\/sup> + S<sup>2\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H<sup>+<\/sup> + 2 Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup> <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2192 <\/span><\/span><strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>S<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2191<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> + 2 Na<sup>+<\/sup> + 2 Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tumedamalt on m\u00e4rgitud gaasina eralduv divesiniksulfiid. Reaktsioonist v\u00f5tavad osa ainult S<sup>2\u2013 <\/sup>ja H<sup>+<\/sup> ioonid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">L\u00fchendatud ioonv\u00f5rrand:<br>S<sup>2\u2013 <\/sup>+ H<sup>+<\/sup><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> \u2192 H<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">S\u2191<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">3. n\u00e4ide. Ioonidevahelisel reaktsioonil tekib n\u00f5rk elektrol\u00fc\u00fct<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Molekulaarne v\u00f5rrand:<br>NaOH + HCl <\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2192 NaCl + H<\/span><\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">T\u00e4ielik ioonv\u00f5rrand:<br>Na<sup>+<\/sup> + OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + H<sup>+<\/sup> + Cl<sup>\u2013\u00a0 <\/sup><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2192 <\/span><\/span><strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> + Na<sup>+<\/sup> + Cl<sup>\u2013\u00a0 <\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tumedamalt on m\u00e4rgitud n\u00f5rk elektrol\u00fc\u00fct\u00a0vesi. Reaktsioonist v\u00f5tavad osa ainult OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ja H<sup>+\u00a0<\/sup>ioonid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">L\u00fchendatud ioonv\u00f5rrand:<br>OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + 2 H<sup>+<\/sup> <sup>\u00a0<\/sup><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2192 <\/span><\/span><strong><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc0311080e0-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc0311080e0-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc0311080e0-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc0311080e0-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc0311080e0-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc0311080e2-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc0311080e2-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc0311080e2-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 4<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc0311080e2-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc0311080e2-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hapete ja aluste definitsioone ja teooriaid on mitmeid. \u00dcks lihtsamaid (s\u00f5nastatud Svante Arrheniuse poolt): hape on aine, mille lahustumisel vees tekivad lahusesse vesinikioonid, ja alus on aine, mille lahustumisel vees tekivad h\u00fcdroksiidioonid. Sellisest k\u00e4sitlusest alati ei piisa, sest happed ja &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1226,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24\/revisions\/1226"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}