{"id":23,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:16","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/36-mis-elektroluudid-ja-mitteelektroluudid\/"},"modified":"2025-05-05T22:18:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-05T19:18:17","slug":"36-mis-elektroluudid-ja-mitteelektroluudid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/36-mis-elektroluudid-ja-mitteelektroluudid\/","title":{"rendered":"3.6. Mis on elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid ja mitteelektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Lahustunud ained on lahustes kas molekulide v\u00f5i ioonidena.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Elektrol\u00fc\u00fct on aine, mis jaguneb lahustumisel ioonideks. Ainete jagunemine ioonideks on elektrol\u00fc\u00fctiline dissotsiatsioon. Ioonid on kas positiivselt laetud ehk katioonid v\u00f5i negatiivselt laetud ehk anioonid. Kuna ioonid on lahuses vabalt ringi liikuvad laenguga osakesed, siis elektrol\u00fc\u00fctide lahused juhivad elektrit. Soolad, happed ja alused on elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid.<\/p>\n<p>Mitteelektrol\u00fc\u00fct on aine, mis lahustumise k\u00e4igus ioonideks ei jagune ja esineb seega lahuses molekulidena. Kuna mitteelektrol\u00fc\u00fctide lahustes ei ole ioone, ei juhi need elektrit. Mitteelektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid on n\u00e4iteks lihtained (v\u00e4\u00e4vel, l\u00e4mmastik, hapnik jpt) ja paljud orgaanilised \u00fchendid (etanool, valge suhkur e sahharoos jne).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;\"><em>Allikas:<\/em><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/xFc5uOP_tqU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/xFc5uOP_tqU\">\u00a0https:\/\/youtu.be\/xFc5uOP_tqU<\/a><\/h6>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Elektrol\u00fc\u00fcte saab liigitada elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdi tugevuse alusel.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid<\/strong> esinevad lahuses ainult ioonidena (soolad, tugevad happed ja alused). Tugevate elektrol\u00fc\u00fctide lahused juhivad h\u00e4sti elektrit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00f5rgad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid<\/strong> jagun<span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">evad lahuses ainult osaliselt ioonideks. Mida n\u00f5rgem on elektrol\u00fc\u00fct ehk mida v\u00e4hem on molekulid dissotsieerunud ioonideks, seda v\u00e4iksem on ka lahuse elektrijuhtivus. <\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1028\" height=\"530\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-116\" style=\"width: 446px; height: 230px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.12.19.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.12.19.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.12.19.png 1028w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.12.19-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.12.19-1024x528.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.12.19-768x396.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1028px) 100vw, 1028px\"><\/p>\n<h6>Joonis 1. Lahuste elektrijuhtivus: mitteelektrol\u00fc\u00fcdi etanooli lahus ei juhi elektrit, tugeva elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdi KCl vesilahus juhib elektrit h\u00e4sti ja n\u00f5rga elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdi \u00e4\u00e4dikhappe vesilahus juhib elektrit halvasti. Allikas: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/150\/2016\/05\/CNX_Chem_11_02_electrolyt.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/150\/2016\/05\/CNX_Chem_11_02_electrolyt.jpg\">https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/chemistry\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/150\/2016\/05\/CNX_Chem_11_02_electrolyt.jpg<\/a><\/h6>\n<h5>Soolad on tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid.<\/h5>\n<p>Soolad on tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid:\u00a0nad jagunevad\u00a0lahustumisel t\u00e4ielikult ioonideks. M\u00f5ned n\u00e4ited erinevate soolade dissotsatsioonist:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Ca(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 $\\xrightarrow[]{H_{2}O}$\u00a0Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> + 2 NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">FeSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0 $\\xrightarrow[]{H_{2}O}$\u00a0Fe<sup>2+<\/sup> + SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">K<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow[]{H_{2}O}$ 2 K<sup>+<\/sup> + SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/span><sup>\u00a0 <\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\">Dissotsiatsiooniv\u00f5rrandite koostamisel tuleb t\u00e4hele panna, et ioonide arv ja\u00a0laengud oleksid \u00f5igesti m\u00e4\u00e4ratud ning v\u00f5rrand tasakaalustatud. Kuna soolade elektrol\u00fc\u00fctiline dissotsiatsioon kulgeb t\u00e4ielikult l\u00f5puni (ei ole p\u00f6\u00f6rduv protsess), <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">siis kirjutatakse v\u00f5rrandisse \u00fchesuunaline nool<\/span><\/span>.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\">Tugevad happed ning alused on tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid. Nende elektrol\u00fc\u00fctiline dissotsiatsioon kulgeb l\u00f5puni.<\/h5>\n<p><strong>Tugevad<\/strong> happed ning alused on ka tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid ja<span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> jagunevad lahustumisel t\u00e4ielikult ioonideks. N\u00e4iteks vee toimel HCl molekul laguneb ning eraldunud prootonist tekib<\/span><\/span> h\u00fcdrooniumioon (H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup>):<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"912\" height=\"194\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-117\" style=\"width: 188px; height: 40px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.17.43.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.17.43.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.17.43.png 912w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.17.43-300x64.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_15.17.43-768x163.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Kovalentne side HCl molekulis katkeb<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> ja \u00fchine elektronpaar l\u00e4heb elektronegatiivsemale aatomile ehk kloori aatomile ning moodustub kloriidioon <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1153\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/Screenshot-2025-04-02-210229.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"45\" height=\"31\"><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">. Summaarselt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">HCl + H<sub>2<\/sub>O \u2192\u00a0Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup>.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Ka teiste hapete lahustumise k\u00e4igus j\u00e4\u00e4b vesinik elektronpaarist n-\u00f6 ilma, seondub vee molekuliga ja tekib h\u00fcdrooniumioon. Samas tavaliselt kirjutame dissotsiatsiooni v\u00f5rrandi ikka lihtsamal kujul:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">HCl \u2192 Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup> + H<sup>+<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tugev alus naatriumh\u00fcdroksiid jaguneb lahustudes t\u00e4ielikult naatriumi katiooniks ja h\u00fcdroksiidaniooniks:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 40px;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">NaOH $\\xrightarrow[]{H_{2}O}$\u00a0Na<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0 + <b>OH<\/b><\/span><\/span><b><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> \u2212<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/b> <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Tugevate hapete ja aluste elektrol\u00fc\u00fctiline dissotsiatsioon kulgeb l\u00f5puni ja lahuses esinevad ainult ioonid, happe v\u00f5i aluse molekule lahuses ei ole.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\">N\u00f5rgad happed ning alused on n\u00f5rgad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid.<\/h5>\n<p>N\u00f5rgad happed ja alused, mis ei dissotsieeru t\u00e4ielikult (ehk esinevad lahuses ka molekulaarsel kuju), on n\u00f5rgad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid. N\u00f5rkade elektrol\u00fc\u00fctide dissotsiatsioon on p\u00f6\u00f6rduv protsess. P\u00f6\u00f6rduvaid reaktsioone t\u00e4histatakse kahesuunalise noolega. N\u00f5rga elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdi lahuses esineb nii aine molekule kui ka selle aine molekulidest tekkinud ioone.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Etaanhappe ehk \u00e4\u00e4dikhappe dissotsiatsioon:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO<b>H<\/b> + H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O \u21c6 CH<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">3<\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">COO<\/span><\/span><b><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> + <b>H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup><\/b>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">L\u00e4mmastikushappe dissotsiatsioon:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<\/span><\/span><\/b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">NO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O \u21c6\u00a0 NO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><b><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/b> <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">+ <b>H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup><\/b> .<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Ammoniaakh\u00fcdraadi dissotsiatsioon:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">NH<sub>3<\/sub>\u00d7H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O \u21c6 NH<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">4<\/span><\/span><\/sub><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">+ <\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">+ <b>OH<\/b><\/span><\/span><b><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/sup><\/b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>(Kuid <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">tavaliselt kirjutame dissotsiatsiooni v\u00f5rrandi ikka lihtsamal kujul ja me vee molekule ei kujuta.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Tabel 1. N\u00e4ited tugevatest ja n\u00f5rkadest elektrol\u00fc\u00fctidest<\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: solidblack1.0pt;\" border=\"1\" width=\"596\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 49.75pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 264pt;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"352\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 49.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tugevad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 49.75pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Lahuses ainult ioonidena<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 183pt; border-left: none;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"244\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 49.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">N\u00f5rgad elektrol\u00fc\u00fcdid<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 49.75pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Lahuses osaliselt ioonidena<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 37.75pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 87pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"116\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 37.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">soolad<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"117\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 37.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">tugevad happed<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 89.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"119\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 37.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">leelised<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"124\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 37.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">n\u00f5rgad happed<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90pt; border-top: none; border-left: none;\" width=\"120\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"height: 37.75pt;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">n\u00f5rgad alused<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 97.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 87.0pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"116\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt; padding: 5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt;\"><span style=\"height: 97.0pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">NaCl, KNO<sub>3<\/sub>, CuSO<sub>4<\/sub>, K<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>, jpt<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 87.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"117\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt; padding: 5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt;\"><span style=\"height: 97.0pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, HNO<sub>3<\/sub>, HClO<sub>4<\/sub>, HI, HBr, HCl<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 89.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"119\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt; padding: 5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt;\"><span style=\"height: 97.0pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Ba(OH)<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 93.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"124\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt; padding: 5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt;\"><span style=\"height: 97.0pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>, HNO<sub>2<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>S, H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>, CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 90.0pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"120\">\n<p style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt; padding: 5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt5.0pt;\"><span style=\"height: 97.0pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Zn(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub>, Fe(OH)<sub>3<\/sub>, NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2219H<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Astmeline dissotsiatsioon, mitmeprootoonsed happed<\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Mitmeprootoonsed happed sisaldavat mitut prootonit n\u00e4iteks (H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>). Nende dissotsiatsioon kulgeb astmeliselt, k\u00f5igepealt loovutatakse esimene prooton, siis teine jne. Vaatame astmelist dissotsiatiooni s\u00fcsihappe n\u00e4itel:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><\/b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0 + H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O \u21c6 HCO<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">3<\/span><\/span><\/sub><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"> + <b>H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0(1. aste)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">H<\/span><\/span><\/b><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2013 <\/sup>\u00a0+ H<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">O\u00a0 \u21c6 CO<\/span><\/span><sub><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">3<\/span><\/span><\/sub><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2<\/span><\/span><\/sup><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u2212\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">+ <b>H<sub>3<\/sub>O<sup>+<\/sup><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0(2. aste)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>(Kuid <span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">tavaliselt kirjutame dissotsiatsiooni v\u00f5rrandi ikka lihtsamal kujul ja me vee molekule ei kujuta.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12.0pt 0cm 12.0pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Teises astmes dissotsieerub v\u00e4ga v\u00e4he ainet ja tasakaal on suunatud l\u00e4hteainete poole. Mitmeprootoonsed happed moodustavad vesiniksoolasid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Tabel 2. Happed, mis tekitavad vesiniksoolasid ning hapetele vastavad happej\u00e4\u00e4kioonid<\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>Hape<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>-1 H<sup>+<\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>-2 H<sup>+<\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><b>-3 H<sup>+<\/sup><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><b>H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>HCO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0vesinikkarbonaatioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-\u00a0<\/sup>karbonaatioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0divesinikfostaatioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>HPO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0vesinikfostaatioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>3-<\/sup>\u00a0fosfaatioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p><strong>H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>HSO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0vesiniksulfitioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p>SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0sulfitioon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u2013<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6ae-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f53fdd7c6ae-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6ae-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6ae-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6ae-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6b8-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f53fdd7c6b8-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6b8-collapse\">\u00dclesande 1 lahendused<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6b8-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6b8-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<p>1.8.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Lahendus:<\/b> Kirjutame v\u00e4lja magneesiumsulfaadi ja v\u00e4\u00e4velhappe dissotsiatsiooniv\u00f5rrandid:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\">MgSO<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192 Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> + SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192 2H<sup>+<\/sup> + SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Molaarsete kontsentratsioonide arvutamiseks on vaja teada ainete moolide arvu. V\u00e4\u00e4velhappe kohta on see teada, aga magneesiumsulfaadi kohta teame vaid massi. Sellest saame leida MgSO<sub>4<\/sub> moolide arvu:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\">M(MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>) = 120 g\/mol<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$n(MgSO_4)= {m \\over M}={10 g \\over 120 g\/mol}=0,083 mol$<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Leiame n\u00fc\u00fcd, kui palju erinevaid ioone lahusesse dissotsiatsioonil tekib, ja nende molaarkontsentratsioonid.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>Mg<sup>2+<\/sup><\/b>: 0,083 mol MgSO<sub>4<\/sub> dissotsiatsioonil tekib 0,083 mol Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> ioone. Nende molaarne kontsentratsioon <i>c<\/i>:<span lang=\"ET\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"position: relative;\"><span style=\"top: 10.0pt;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$c(Mg^{2+})= {n \\over V}={0,083\\hspace{0.1cm}mol \\over 1,5\\hspace{0.1cm}l}=0,0055\\hspace{0.1cm}M\u22480,06\\hspace{0.1cm}M$<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/b>: 0,083 mol MgSO<sub>4<\/sub> dissotsiatsioonil tekib 0,083 mol SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2- <\/sup>ioone. Lahusesse lisati ka 2 mol v\u00e4\u00e4velhapet, mille dissotsiatsioonil tekib 2 mol SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2- <\/sup>ioone. Seega on SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2- <\/sup>ioone kokku 0,083+2=2,083 mol. Nende molaarne kontsentratsioon <i>c<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"position: relative;\"><span style=\"top: 10.0pt;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$c(SO_4^{2-})= {n \\over V}={2,083\\hspace{0.1cm}mol \\over 1,5\\hspace{0.1cm}l}=1,388\\hspace{0.1cm}M\u22481,39\\hspace{0.1cm}M$<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><b>H<sup>+<\/sup><\/b>: 2 mol H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> dissotsiatsioonil tekib 2\u00d72=4 mol H<sup>+<\/sup> ioone. Nende molaarne kontsentratsioon <i>c<\/i>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 150%;\"><span style=\"position: relative;\"><span style=\"top: 10.0pt;\"><span class=\"math-tex\">$c(H^{+})= {n \\over V}={4\\hspace{0.1cm}mol \\over 1,5\\hspace{0.1cm}l}=2,666\u2026 M\u22482,67\\hspace{0.1cm}M$<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6c1-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69f53fdd7c6c1-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6c1-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6c1-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69f53fdd7c6c1-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lahustunud ained on lahustes kas molekulide v\u00f5i ioonidena.\u00a0 Elektrol\u00fc\u00fct on aine, mis jaguneb lahustumisel ioonideks. Ainete jagunemine ioonideks on elektrol\u00fc\u00fctiline dissotsiatsioon. Ioonid on kas positiivselt laetud ehk katioonid v\u00f5i negatiivselt laetud ehk anioonid. Kuna ioonid on lahuses vabalt ringi liikuvad &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1325,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23\/revisions\/1325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}