{"id":21,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:16","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/34-lahused-ja-lahustumise-soojusefektid\/"},"modified":"2025-04-17T10:40:54","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T07:40:54","slug":"34-lahused-ja-lahustumise-soojusefektid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/34-lahused-ja-lahustumise-soojusefektid\/","title":{"rendered":"3.4. Lahused ja lahustumise soojusefektid"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5 style=\"margin-bottom: 12pt;\">Ainete lahustumise k\u00e4igus tekib lahus v\u00f5i kolloidne s\u00fcsteem.<\/h5>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 12.0pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Kui segad vette s\u00f6\u00f6gisoola v\u00f5i suhkrut, siis saad m\u00f5lemal juhul \u00fchtlase l\u00e4bipaistva vedeliku. \u00dctleme, et sool ja suhkur lahustuvad vees ehk moodustavad veega lahuse. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Lahus on \u00fchtlane segu, mis koosneb v\u00e4hemalt kahest ainest: lahustuvast ainest ja lahustist. Lahusti \u00a0on aine, mis on lahuses \u00fclehulgas. Toodud n\u00e4idetes on vesi lahustiks, sool ja suhkur aga lahustunud ained. Lahustunud aine on lahustis jaotunud \u00fcliv\u00e4ikeste osakeste \u2013 aatomite, molekulide v\u00f5i ioonidena.<\/p>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/book\/41-lahused-ja-pihused-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 39px; width: 50px; float: right;\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" alt=\"video\" data-file_info=\"%7B%22fid%22:67528,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D\"><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/book\/41-lahused-ja-pihused-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/keemiaabc\/book\/41-lahused-ja-pihused-0\">Lahustest ja pihustest saad lisaks lugeda ja vaadata siit.<\/a><\/h5>\n<p>Merevesi on lahus, milles lahustunud aineteks on erinevad soolad (NaCl, NaI, KBr jne) ja lahustiks vesi.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Kolloidne s\u00fcsteem koosneb samuti kahest v\u00f5i enamast ainest, aga ei ole \u00fchtlane segu. Kolloidses s\u00fcsteemis on \u00fcks aine teise sees mikroskoopiliste tilkade\u00a0v\u00f5i t\u00fckkidena pihustunud. N\u00e4iteks piim, mis tundub \u00fchtlane, on tegelikult kolloidne lahus, kus vees on pihustunud v\u00e4ikesed rasvatilgad. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"932\" height=\"622\" class=\"wp-image-107 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 267px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_13.44.52.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_13.44.52.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_13.44.52.png 932w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_13.44.52-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_13.44.52-768x513.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 932px) 100vw, 932px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 1. Kui vaadata piima mikroskoobi all, on v\u00f5imalik n\u00e4ha v\u00e4ikeseid rasvatilku. Allikas:\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/goodscience.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/milk-under-microscope.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/goodscience.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/milk-under-microscope.jpg\">https:\/\/goodscience.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/milk-under-microscope.jpg<\/a><\/h6>\n<h5 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\">Lahustumisel kehtib p\u00f5him\u00f5te, et sarnane lahustub sarnases.<\/h5>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\">Lahustumisel kehtib p\u00f5him\u00f5te, et sarnane lahustub sarnases. <span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Vesi on polaarne lahusti, seega lahustuvad vees h\u00e4sti polaarsed ained (etanool) ja\/v\u00f5i ioonsed ained (happed, alused, erinevad soolad, nt NaCl, KCl), mille osakesed seonduvad tugevasti vee molekulidega. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\">Vees lahustuvad paremini polaarsed ained ja ained, mis moodutavad H-sidemeid.<\/h5>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Etanooli molekulid\u00a0 on polaarsed, seet\u00f5ttu lahustub etanool vees h\u00e4sti. Lahustumist soodustab lisaks molekulide polaarsusele veel ka H-sidemete teke.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Kui v\u00f5rrelda erinevate alkoholide lahustuvust, siis selgub, et mida pikemaks l\u00e4hevad alkoholi s\u00fcsivesinkahelad, seda halvemini lahustub alkohol vees. N\u00e4iteks oktaan-1-ool on praktiliselt lahustumatu. Alkoholi OH- r\u00fchma ja vee molekulide vahel tekib k\u00fcll H-side, aga samas alkoholi s\u00fcsivesinikahela ja vee molekulide vahel on v\u00e4ga n\u00f5rk vastastiktoime ja vee molekulid eelistavad olla omavahel palju tugevamas vastsm\u00f5jus.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1081 size-large\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 401px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-25_at_13.13.25.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-25_at_13.13.25-1-1024x822.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-25_at_13.13.25-1-1024x822.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-25_at_13.13.25-1-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-25_at_13.13.25-1-768x617.png 768w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-25_at_13.13.25-1.png 1370w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"><\/p>\n<h6>Joonis 2. Oktaan-1-ooli lahustumine vees. Jooniselt on n\u00e4ha, et H-sidemed tekivad ainult alkoholi OH-r\u00fchma juures. S\u00fcsivesinikahela ja vee molekulide vastastiktoime on v\u00e4ga n\u00f5rk ja seet\u00f5ttu t\u00f5rjutakse see osa veest v\u00e4lja.\u00a0 Allikas: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/34765684\/Chemistry_for_the_IB_Diploma_SECOND_EDITION_Chemistry_for_the_IB_Diploma_Chemistry_for_the_IB_Diploma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/34765684\/Chemistry_for_the_IB_Diploma_SECOND_EDITION_Chemistry_for_the_IB_Diploma_Chemistry_for_the_IB_Diploma\">https:\/\/bit.ly\/3M8Hhi3<\/a>\u00a0<\/h6>\n<h5>Mittepolaarsed ained lahustuvad paremini mittepolaarsetes lahustites.<\/h5>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Mittepolaarsed ained n\u00e4iteks (alkaanid, rasvad jmt) lahustuvad paremini mittepolaarsetes lahustites (bensiinis, eetris). N\u00e4iteks selleks, et autolt pigiplekke eemaldada, peab kasutama mittepolaarset lahustit (nt lakibensiini v\u00f5i spetsiaalset mittepolaarset pigiplekkide eemaldajat). Kuna pigi on mittepolaarne, siis veega puhastades pigiplekkidest lahti ei saa. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Teadmised lahustuvuse kohta on v\u00e4ga olulised n\u00e4iteks vitamiinide manustamisel. Polaarsed vitamiinid nagu C- vitamiin lahustuvad vees kergesti ja samas v\u00e4ljutatakse organismist ka kergesti. Mittepolaarsed vitamiinid nagu A- ja D-vitamiin aga lahustuvad rasvades ning seet\u00f5ttu ka ladestuvad rasvkoes. Seega on mittepolaarsete vitamiinide korral nende \u00fcletarbimine ohtlikum.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc324c77900-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc324c77900-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc324c77900-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc324c77900-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc324c77900-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Kristallide lahustumine, ioonide teke lahustumisel<\/h2>\n<h5>Tahkete ainete (nt soolade) lahustumisel kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hutakse ja tekivad ioonid \u2013\u00a0anioonid ja katioonid.<\/h5>\n<p>Ainte lahustumist saab vaadelda kahe j\u00e4rjestikuse etapina:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sidemete katkemine lahustuvas aines.\u00a0\u00a0Tahkete ainete lahustumisel kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hutakse ja lahustuv aine l\u00e4heb lahusesse kas molekulidena (n\u00e4iteks suhkur) v\u00f5i tekivad ioonid \u2013 anioonid ja katioonid (n\u00e4iteks s\u00f6\u00f6gisool).<\/li>\n<li>Uute sidemete teke aineosakeste ja lahusti molekulide vahel \u2013\u00a0solvatatsioon (kui lahustiks on vesi, siis nimetame seda n\u00e4htust h\u00fcdratatsiooniks).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vaatame NaCl vees lahustumise n\u00e4ite p\u00f5hjal, millised energeetilised efektid lahustumisega kaasnevad.<\/p>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LvadGckAv3U&amp;list=PLDWTb1SlW-s0UQDpn7rtAmyba3HoLd2xu&amp;index=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"height: 39px; width: 50px; float: right;\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-11_at_13.55.20.png\" alt=\"video\" data-file_info=\"%7B%22fid%22:67528,%22view_mode%22:%22default%22,%22type%22:%22media%22%7D\"><\/a><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LvadGckAv3U&amp;list=PLDWTb1SlW-s0UQDpn7rtAmyba3HoLd2xu&amp;index=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LvadGckAv3U&amp;list=PLDWTb1SlW-s0UQDpn7rtAmyba3HoLd2xu&amp;index=20\">Eksotermilise ja endotermilise protsessi kohta vaata t\u00e4psemalt siit.<\/a><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaCl kristallv\u00f5re lagunemine vees: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaCl $\\overset{H_{2}O}{\u2192}$ Na<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0 + Cl<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumiseks on vaja kulutada energiat ehk tegemist on endotermilise protsessiga (\u0394<em>H<\/em><sub>kr <\/sub>&gt; 0). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Tekkinud ioonid Na<sup>+<\/sup> ja Cl<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><b> <\/b><\/span>h\u00fcdraatuvad. H\u00fcdraatumine on ioonide v\u00f5i polaarsete molekulide seostumine lahuses vee molekulidega. H\u00fcdraatumise protsess on kujutatud alloleval skeemil. Uute sideme teke aineosakeste vahel on eksotermiline <span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">protsess ehk energiat eraldub (\u0394H\u00fcdraatumine &lt; 0).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1322\" height=\"470\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-109\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 178px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.03.55.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.03.55.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.03.55.png 1322w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.03.55-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.03.55-1024x364.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.03.55-768x273.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1322px) 100vw, 1322px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 3. Keedusoola ehk NaCl h\u00fcdraatumine, vee molekulid \u00fcmbritsevad lahustunud ioone \u2013\u00a0ioonid h\u00fcdraatuvad. Allikas: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/NaCl_dissolving.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/NaCl_dissolving.png\">https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/NaCl_dissolving.png<\/a><\/h6>\n<h5>Kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumine on endotermiline protsess (\u0394H &gt; 0).<\/h5>\n<p>Allpool on kujutatud NaCl lahutumise protsessi energiadiagrammi (Joonis 4).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumine on endotermiline reaktsioon<span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"> (\u0394<em>H<\/em><sub>kr <\/sub>&gt; 0).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">H\u00fcdraatumisel tekivad uued sidemed ioonide ja vee molekulide vahel. Uute sidemete teke aineosakeste vahel on alati <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>eksotermiline protsess ehk energiat eraldub<span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"><b> <\/b>(\u0394H<sub>h\u00fcdraatumine\u00a0<\/sub>&lt; 0).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaCl lahustumise soojus on seega kahe protsessi soojefektide summa:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u0394H<sub>lahustumine\u00a0<\/sub>= \u0394H<sub>kr<\/sub> + \u0394H<sub>h\u00fcdraatumine<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaCl lahustumine on summaarselt endotermiline protsess, sest kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumiseks kulub rohkem energiat, kui h\u00fcdraatumisel vabaneb eneriat, \u0394H<sub>lahustumine\u00a0<\/sub>&gt; 0.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1028\" height=\"680\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-110\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 331px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.08.16.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.08.16.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.08.16.png 1028w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.08.16-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.08.16-1024x677.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.08.16-768x508.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1028px) 100vw, 1028px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 4. NaCl lahustumise energiadiagramm<\/h6>\n<p>Soolade lahustumine on \u00fcldsiselt endotermiline protsess ja selle tulemusel lahuse temperatuur langeb, sest lahustumiseks vajaminev soojus neelatakse lahusest.<\/p>\n<h2>Hapete ja aluste lahustumine<\/h2>\n<h5>Tugevate aluste ja hapete lahustumine on eksotermiline protsess ja lahus soojeneb.<\/h5>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">M\u00f5ned leelised ja happed v\u00f5ivad vees v\u00e4ga tugevasti h\u00fcdraatuda. Eriti tugevasti h\u00fcdraatuvad ained, mis moodustavad veega vesiniksidemeid. Selliste ainete lahustumisel \u00fcletab h\u00fcdraatumine algsete sidemete katkemise energia ning protsess on tugevalt eksotermiline \u2013 ainete lahustumisel lahus soojeneb, sest lahustumise k\u00e4igus eraldub soojus lahusesse. Leeliste (NaOH, LiOH) ja hapete (HCl, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>) lahustumisel tuleb olla v\u00e4ga ettevaatlik, sest nende lahustumisel lahus kuumeneb.\u00a0Seet\u00f5ttu tuleb kontsentreeritud hapet alati valada vette, mitte vastupidi. Kui lisada vett kontsentreeritud happele, siis vesi j\u00e4\u00e4b esialgu kihina happe peale, sest hape on veest tihedam. Hape hakkab veekihis lahustuma ja eraldub nii palju soojust, et pealmine happeline veekiht hakkab keema. Kuum, tugevalt happeline ja seega s\u00f6\u00f6vitav vedelik hakkab pritsima ja see on v\u00e4ga ohtlik. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Vaatame NaOH vees lahustumist.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaOH kritallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hutakse: NaOH $\\overset{H_{2}O}{\u2192}$ Na<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">+<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u00a0 + OH<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumiseks on vaja kulutada energiat ehk tegemist on endotermilise protsessiga (\u0394H<sub>kr <\/sub>&gt; 0). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Tekkinud Na<sup>+<\/sup> ja OH<\/span><\/span><\/span><sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/sup><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\"> ioonid h\u00fcdraatuvad. Selle k\u00e4igus eraldub soojust (\u0394H<sub>h\u00fcdraatumine<\/sub>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 12pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaOH lahustumise soojus on kahe protsessi soojusefektide summa:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">\u0394H<sub>lahustumine\u00a0<\/sub>= \u0394H<sub>kr<\/sub> + \u0394H<sub>h\u00fcdraatumine<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-top: 12pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;\"><span style=\"background: white;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">NaOH (nagu ka teiste tugevate aluste ja ka hapete) lahustumine on eksotermiline protsess, sest h\u00fcdraatumise protsessi k\u00e4igus eralduv energia on suurem\u00a0kui kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumiseks kuluv energia.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1342\" height=\"882\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-111\" style=\"width: 500px; height: 329px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.12.21.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.12.21.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.12.21.png 1342w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.12.21-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.12.21-1024x673.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-28_at_14.12.21-768x505.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1342px) 100vw, 1342px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 5. NaOH lahustumine energiadiagramm<\/h6>\n<h2>N\u00e4idis\u00fclesanded<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">1. <\/span><\/span>\u00a0A<span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">rvuta\u00a0tabelis toodud andmete p\u00f5hjal KI lahustumise soojusefekt:<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: solidblack1.0pt;\" border=\"1\" width=\"452\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24.25pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.25pt; border: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"307\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 24.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">KI kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumise energia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 108.75pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-left: none;\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 24.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">629 kJ \/mol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 27.25pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.25pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"307\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">K<sup>+<\/sup> ioonide h\u00fcdraatumise energia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 108.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">-322 kJ\/mol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 27.25pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.25pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"307\">\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">I<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ioonide h\u00fcdraatumise enegia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 108.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">-293 kJ\/mol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Tabelist on n\u00e4ha, et KI kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumise energia on postiivne (endotermiline protsess) ja ioonide h\u00fcdraatumine on negatiivne (eksotermiline protsess). KI lahustumise soojusefekt on nende\u00a0soojusefektide summa:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u0394H<sub>lahustumine\u00a0<\/sub>= 629 kJ\/mol + (-322 kJ\/mol) + (-293 kJ\/mol) = 14 kJ\/mol, protsess on endotermiline ja lahuse temperatuur soola lahustumise k\u00e4igus langeb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2. Arvuta tabelis toodud andmete p\u00f5hjal\u00a0MgCl<sub>2<\/sub> lahustumise soojusefekt:<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: solidblack1.0pt;\" border=\"1\" width=\"452\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 27.25pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.25pt; border: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"307\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">MgCl<sub>2<\/sub> kristallv\u00f5re l\u00f5hkumise energia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 108.75pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-left: none;\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">2493 kJ \/mol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 27.25pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.25pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"307\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> ioonide h\u00fcdraatumise energia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 108.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">-1920 kJ\/mol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 27.25pt;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.25pt; border: solidblack1.0pt; border-top: none;\" width=\"307\">\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ioonide h\u00fcdraatumise enegia<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 108.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solidblack1.0pt; border-right: solidblack1.0pt;\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"margin-left: 36pt;\"><span style=\"height: 27.25pt;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">-364 kJ\/mol<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Magneesiumkloriidi lahustumisel tekib kloriidioone 2 korda rohkem kui magneesiumioone, sellep\u00e4rast tuleb kloriidioonide h\u00fcdraatumise energia korrutada kahega.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">\u0394H<sub>lahustumine\u00a0<\/sub>= 2493 kJ\/mol + (-1920 kJ\/mol) + 2 \u00d7 (-364 kJ\/mol) = -155 kJ\/mol, protsess on eksotermiline ja lahuse temperatuur soola lahustumise k\u00e4igus t\u00f5useb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin: 12pt 0cm;\"><span lang=\"et\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%;\">Magneesiumiooni laeng on 2+ ja seet\u00f5ttu selle toime veega palju tugevam kui n\u00e4iteks Na<sup>+<\/sup> iooni korral. Magneesiumiiooni h\u00fcdraatumisel eralduv enegia on palju suurem kui Na<sup>+<\/sup> v\u00f5i K<sup>+<\/sup> iooni h\u00fcdraatumisel eralduv energia.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc324c77912-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc324c77912-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc324c77912-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc324c77912-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc324c77912-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc324c7791b-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc324c7791b-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc324c7791b-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc324c7791b-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc324c7791b-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc324c7791c-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc324c7791c-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc324c7791c-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 4<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc324c7791c-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc324c7791c-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69dc324c7791f-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69dc324c7791f-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69dc324c7791f-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 5<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69dc324c7791f-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69dc324c7791f-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ainete lahustumise k\u00e4igus tekib lahus v\u00f5i kolloidne s\u00fcsteem. Kui segad vette s\u00f6\u00f6gisoola v\u00f5i suhkrut, siis saad m\u00f5lemal juhul \u00fchtlase l\u00e4bipaistva vedeliku. \u00dctleme, et sool ja suhkur lahustuvad vees ehk moodustavad veega lahuse. Lahus on \u00fchtlane segu, mis koosneb v\u00e4hemalt kahest &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1233,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21\/revisions\/1233"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}