{"id":13,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:15","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/13-alused\/"},"modified":"2025-04-03T08:09:35","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T05:09:35","slug":"13-alused","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/13-alused\/","title":{"rendered":"1.3. Alused"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\tIgap\u00e4evaelus kohtame aluseid harvemini\u00a0kui happeid. Aluseid sisaldavad n\u00e4iteks kodused puhastusvahendid.\u00a0<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">Alused on ained, mis annavad vesilahusesse h\u00fcdroksiidioone (OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup>-ioone). Laiemas t\u00e4hendused on alused ained, mis liidavad vesinikioone ehk prootoneid.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">Tuntumad alused on h\u00fcdroksiidid, mis koosnevad metalli katioonist ja h\u00fcdroksiidioonist. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tKuidas aluseid nimetatakse ja millised on aluste keemilised omadused, vaata j\u00e4rgnevast videost.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h6 dir=\"ltr\">\n\tAllikas:\u00a0<a data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ANIUet7khb8\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ANIUet7khb8\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/ANIUet7khb8<\/a><br>\n<\/h6>\n<h2 dir=\"ltr\">\n\tNimetamine ja valemite koostamine<br>\n<\/h2>\n<h5>\n\tH\u00fcdroksiidide nimetuse \u00fcldkuju: metalli nimi + (o.a) + h\u00fcdroksiid.<br>\n<\/h5>\n<p>\n\tAluste nimetamisel tuleb eelnevalt teada, kas alust moodustaval metallil on p\u00fcsiv\u00a0oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste\u00a0v\u00f5i mitte. Sellest tulenevalt on kaks aluste nimetamise reeglit:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">1.\u00a0 kui metallilisel elemendil on <strong>p\u00fcsiv oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste<\/strong>, siis antakse nimetus: <\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">metalli nimi + h\u00fcdroksiid<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">nt\u00a0NaOH \u2013 naatriumh\u00fcdroksiid, Al(OH)<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>\u2013 alumiiniumh\u00fcdroksiid<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">2. kui metallilisel elemendil on <strong>muutuv oks\u00fcdatsiooniaste<\/strong>, siis m\u00e4\u00e4ratakse k\u00f5igepealt metalli o.a ning siis antakse nimetus:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">metalli nimi + (o.a) + h\u00fcdroksiid<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">nt\u00a0CuOH \u2013 vask(I)h\u00fcdroksiid, Fe(OH)<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>\u2013 raud(II)h\u00fcdroksiid.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tAluse valemi koostamist vaatame kaltsiumh\u00fcdroksiidi n\u00e4ite p\u00f5hjal.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t1. Valemi koostamisel kirjuta k<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">\u00f5igepealt \u00fcksteise k\u00f5rvale metalli katioon ning seej\u00e4rel h\u00fcdroksiidioon, nt\u00a0Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup>. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">2. Kasuta alaindekseid, et saaksid tervikuna neutraalse \u00fchendi (kogu laeng peab = 0). Antud n\u00e4ites tuleb v\u00f5tta kaks OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> iooni. T\u00e4htis on meeles pidada, et h\u00fcdroksiidioon on liitioon, mis koosneb hapnikust ja vesinikust, sellep\u00e4rast pane\u00a0OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup>-r\u00fchm\u00a0sulgude vahele.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">Kogu eelnevat arutelu arvesse v\u00f5ttes on kaltsiumh\u00fcdroksiidi valem\u00a0Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b15-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f98e7b15-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b15-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b15-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b15-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>\n\tAluste liigitamine<br>\n<\/h2>\n<p>\n\tTugevad alused ehk leelised on vees h\u00e4sti<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\"> lahustuvad h\u00fcdroksiidid. Tugevad alused on k\u00f5ik I A r\u00fchma metallide\u00a0 h\u00fcdroksiidid (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH). II A r\u00fchmas on tugevad alused alates Ca-st, liikudes r\u00fchmas allapoole (Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Sr(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Ba(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>).<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tN\u00f5rgad alused on enamjaolt vees mittelah<span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height:107%\"><span style=\",serif\">ustuvad h\u00fcdroksiidid, nt Fe(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Al(OH)<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b25-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f98e7b25-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b25-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b25-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b25-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Aluste keemilised omadused<\/h2>\n<h5>ALUS + HAPE \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">1. <b>Alused reageerivad hapetega<\/b>, tekivad sool ja vesi, see on neutralisatsioonireaktsioon.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">NaOH + HCl\u00a0 \u2192 NaCl + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">2 LiOH + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192 Li<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Vaata t\u00e4psemalt <\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\">hapete peat\u00fckist<\/a><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5>ALUS + HAPPELINE OKSIID \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">2. <b>Alused reageerivad happeliste oksiididega<\/b>, moodustuvad sool ja vesi. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">2 LiOH + CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 \u2192 Li<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + SO<sub>3<\/sub> \u2192 CaSO<sub>4<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">Pea meeles, et moodustuv sool koosneb aluse katioonist ja happelisele oksiidile vastavast happe anioonist, mis on toodud <\/span><\/span><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/book\/12-happed\">hapete peat\u00fckis<\/a><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\"> olevas tabelis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1036\" height=\"126\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-100\" style=\"width: 534px; height: 65px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-03-16_at_08.08.19.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-16_at_08.08.19.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-16_at_08.08.19.png 1036w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-16_at_08.08.19-300x36.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-16_at_08.08.19-1024x125.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-03-16_at_08.08.19-768x93.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1036px) 100vw, 1036px\"><\/p>\n<h5>ALUS $\\xrightarrow[]{temp.}$ ALUSELINE OKSIID + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"line-height: 107%;\">3. <b>Vees lahustumatud alused lagunevad kuumutamisel<\/b>, tekivad aluseline oksiid ja vesi<i>.\u00a0<\/i>Osade metallih\u00fcdroksiidide (II A r\u00fchma metallide h\u00fcdroksiidid Ca(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>, Mg(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>) lagunemiseks on vaja v\u00e4ga k\u00f5rget temperatuuri.\u00a0<br><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Mida v\u00e4iksema aktiivsusega on metall, seda kergemini selle h\u00fcdroksiid kuumutamisel laguneb.<\/span><\/span><\/h5>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\" style=\"line-height: 107%;\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Fe(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow{temp.}$\u00a0FeO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span lang=\"ET\"><span style=\"color: black;\">Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> $\\xrightarrow{temp.}$\u00a0CuO + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b27-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f98e7b27-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b27-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 3<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b27-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f98e7b27-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">Vali antud l\u00e4hteainete p\u00f5hjal korrektne tasakaalustatud reaktsiooniv\u00f5rrand.\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Igap\u00e4evaelus kohtame aluseid harvemini\u00a0kui happeid. Aluseid sisaldavad n\u00e4iteks kodused puhastusvahendid.\u00a0Alused on ained, mis annavad vesilahusesse h\u00fcdroksiidioone (OH\u2013-ioone). Laiemas t\u00e4hendused on alused ained, mis liidavad vesinikioone ehk prootoneid.\u00a0Tuntumad alused on h\u00fcdroksiidid, mis koosnevad metalli katioonist ja h\u00fcdroksiidioonist. Kuidas aluseid nimetatakse ja &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1184,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13\/revisions\/1184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}