{"id":12,"date":"2024-04-04T07:30:15","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T04:30:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/12-happed\/"},"modified":"2025-04-03T09:09:56","modified_gmt":"2025-04-03T06:09:56","slug":"12-happed","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/12-happed\/","title":{"rendered":"1.2. Happed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p role=\"heading\">Selles peat\u00fckis k\u00e4sitleme \u00fchte v\u00e4ga olulist \u00fchendite klassi, happeid. Happed m\u00e4ngivad meie igap\u00e4evaelus v\u00e4ga suurt rolli \u2013 nad on puhastusvahendite koostisosad ja kasutuses toitude konserveerimisel. Inimkehas on keerulised s\u00fcsteemid, mis kontrollivad hoolikalt vere happelisust ja aluselisust (vere pH tasakaalu), sest isegi v\u00e4ikesed k\u00f5rvalekalded v\u00f5ivad p\u00f5hjustada t\u00f5siseid haigusi ja surma. Sama tundlikkus on olemas ka teistes eluvormides. Need, kellel on troopilised kalad v\u00f5i kuldkalad, teavad, kui oluline on j\u00e4lgida akvaariumi vee happesust.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p role=\"heading\">Ka t\u00f6\u00f6stuslikult on happed v\u00e4ga olulised. N\u00e4iteks toodetakse igal aastal v\u00e4ga suures koguses v\u00e4\u00e4velhapet, et toota v\u00e4etisi, pol\u00fcmeere, terast ja paljusid muid materjale.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Allolevast videost saad teada, kuidas happeid nimetada, kuidas happeid saada ning millised on hapete keemilised omadused.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h6>Allikas:\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/aYWA4Od8nhU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/aYWA4Od8nhU\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/aYWA4Od8nhU<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/h6>\n<p>K\u00f5ige lihtsama k\u00e4sitluse j\u00e4rgi on happed ained, mis annavad vesilahusesse vesinikioone (H<sup>+<\/sup>). \u00dcks tuntuim hape on vesinikkloriidhape, keemilise valemiga HCl. HCl triviaalnimetusteks on ka maohape ja soolhape. Maohappe roll ongi toidu ja joogi keemiline lagundamine. HCl\u00a0kasutatakse ka basseinivee puhastamisel ja muudes puhastustoodetes.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Hapetega kokkupuutel peab meeles pidama, et nad on v\u00e4ga s\u00f6\u00f6vitava toimega. Juba v\u00e4ike tilk v\u00e4\u00e4velhapet s\u00f6\u00f6vitab riidesse suure augu.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"526\" class=\"wp-image-89 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 300px; height: 274px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-10_at_09.49.21.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_09.49.21.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_09.49.21.png 576w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_09.49.21-300x274.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 576px) 100vw, 576px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 1. Juba v\u00e4ike tilk v\u00e4\u00e4velhapet s\u00f6\u00f6vitab riidesse suure augu.<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"popup.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" alt=\"popup\">\u00a0<a href=\"#\" data-bs-toggle=\"modal\" data-bs-target=\"#popup-modal\" data-title=\"Loe lisaks: Arrheniuse hapete-aluste teooria.\" data-content=\"&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Happed on ained, mis loovutavad prootoneid. Arrheniuse hapete-aluste teooria j\u00e4rgi on happed ained, mis annavad vesilahusesse vesinikioone ehk prootoneid (H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;): HCl \u2192 H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt; + Cl&lt;sup&gt;&amp;#8211;&lt;\/sup&gt;. Kuna vesinikioone vesilahuses \u00fcksikult ei eksisteeri, on nad alati seotud veemolekulidega \u2013\u00a0lahuses on h\u00fcdrooniumioonid (H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;). Lisaks on H&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;\/sub&gt;O&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;-ioon seotud suure hulga vee molekulidega vesiniksidemete kaudu. Kineetiliselt on need assotsiaadid aga v\u00e4ga ebap\u00fcsivad \u2013 poolestusaeg \u03c4 \u224810&lt;sup&gt;-13&lt;\/sup&gt; sekundit (eluiga). \u00dcksikult olev prooton (H&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;\/sup&gt;) liitub alati l\u00e4heduses oleva veemolekuliga ning h\u00fcppab \u00fche veemolekuli juurest teise juurde vesiniksidemete kaudu.\u00a0&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;\">Loe lisaks: Arrheniuse hapete-aluste teooria.<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 role=\"heading\">Nimetamine ja valemite koostamine\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>Happed koosnevad vesinikust ja happej\u00e4\u00e4kioonist. Selleks, et hapete valemite kirjutamine l\u00e4heks ladusamalt, \u00f5pi selgeks tabelis 1 toodud happej\u00e4\u00e4kioonid ja nende nimetused.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<h6>Tabel 1. M\u00f5ningate anorgaaniliste hapete ning vastavate happej\u00e4\u00e4kioonide (happeanioonide) valemid ja nimetused. J\u00e4ta meelde nii happe nimetus\u00a0kui ka sellele vasta\u00a0happej\u00e4\u00e4kioon.<\/h6>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" align=\"center\" data-tablelook=\"1184\" data-tablestyle=\"MsoTableGrid\">\n<tbody>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hape\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td role=\"columnheader\" colspan=\"2\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Happej\u00e4\u00e4kioon\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Valem\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nimetus\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Valem\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Nimetus\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HCl\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">vesinikkloriidhape (kasutatakse ka nimetust soolhape)\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Cl<sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">kloriid\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HBr\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">vesinikbromiidhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Br<sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">bromiid\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HI\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">vesinikjodiidhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">I<sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">jodiid\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HF\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">vesinikfluoriidhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">F<sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">fluoriid\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>S\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">divesiniksulfiidhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S<sup>2-\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">sulfiid\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">v\u00e4\u00e4vlishape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">sulfit\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">v\u00e4\u00e4velhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">sulfaat\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HNO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">l\u00e4mmastikhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">nitraat\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">HNO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">l\u00e4mmastikushape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">NO<sub>2<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">nitrit\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">s\u00fcsihape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">karbonaat\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">fosforhape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">PO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>3-<\/sup>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">fosfaat\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr role=\"row\">\n<td role=\"rowheader\" data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SiO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">r\u00e4nihape\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SiO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td data-celllook=\"0\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">silikaat\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f983c6fa-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f983c6fa-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f983c6fa-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 1<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f983c6fa-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f983c6fa-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<h2>Hapete liigitamine\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Tugevuse j\u00e4rgi\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1) Tugevad happed on vesilahuses t\u00e4ielikult ioonideks jagunenud, nt\u00a0HCl, HBr, HI, HNO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"794\" class=\"wp-image-90 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 450px; height: 394px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.22.26.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.22.26.png\" alt=\"Pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.22.26.png 906w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.22.26-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.22.26-768x673.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\"><br>Joonis 2. Graafiline esitus tugeva happe k\u00e4itumise kohta vees. Kus HA t\u00e4histab hapet, H<sup>+<\/sup> vesinikioone, ja A<sup>\u2013<\/sup> happej\u00e4\u00e4kioone. Tugeva happe korral on n\u00e4ha, et hape on t\u00e4ielikult jagunenud ioonideks.<\/h6>\n<p>2) N\u00f5rgad happed on vesilahuses vaid osaliselt ioonideks jagunenud (k\u00f5ik happed, v\u00e4lja arvatud tugevad happed), nt\u00a0H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>S, H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>SiO<sub>3<\/sub>, HF.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"624\" class=\"wp-image-91 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 450px; height: 310px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.24.31.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.24.31.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.24.31.png 906w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.24.31-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_10.24.31-768x529.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\"><br>Joonis 3. Graafiline esitus n\u00f5rga happe k\u00e4itumise kohta vees, kus HA t\u00e4histab hapet, H<sup><sub>+<\/sub><\/sup> vesinikioone, ja A<sup><sub>\u2013<\/sub><\/sup> happej\u00e4\u00e4kioone. Ainult v\u00e4ga v\u00e4ike osa \u00a0happest on jagunenud ioonideks.<\/h6>\n<p>N\u00f5rga happe vesilahuses on olemas nii negatiivse laenguga happeanioonid, positiivse laenguga vesinikioonid kui ka happe molekulid, st happe molekulid on vaid osaliselt ioonideks jagunenud. Seevastu tugeva happe vesilahuses happemolekule ei ole,\u00a0 on vaid negatiivse laenguga happeanioonid ja positiivse laenguga vesinikioonid.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Prootonite arvu j\u00e4rgi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">1) \u00dcheprootonilised happed, mille keemilises valemis on \u00fcks vesinikioon,\u00a0nt HCl, HBr.<br>2) Mitmeprootonilised happed, mille keemilises valemis on mitu vesinikiooni, nt H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Hapnikusisalduse j\u00e4rgi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">1) Hapnikhapped sisaldavad hapniku aatomeid, nt H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>SiO<sub>3<\/sub>.<br>2) Hapnikuta happed ei sisalda hapniku aatomeid, nt\u00a0H<sub>2<\/sub>S, HCl.<\/p>\n<h2>Hapete keemilised omadused<\/h2>\n<h5>HAPE + ALUS \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><strong>1. Aluse ja happe vaheline reaktsioon on neutralisatsioonireaktsioon, mille tulemusena tekib sool ja vesi.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">HCl + NaOH \u2192 NaCl + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br>H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2LiOH \u2192 Li<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>Seda t\u00fc\u00fcpi reaktsioon kulgeb siis, kui\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m\u00f5lemad l\u00e4hteained lahustuvad vees ja tekib n\u00f5rk elektrol\u00fc\u00fct vesi;\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>tahkele v\u00f5i vees mittelahustuvale alusele lisada happelahust;<\/li>\n<li>tahkele v\u00f5i vees mittelahustuvale happele lisada aluselahust.\u00a0Nt r\u00e4nihape + tugev alus NaOH.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u00e4ga n\u00f5rga happe ja aluse vaheline reaktsioon ei toimu (nt Cu(OH)<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>S).<\/p>\n<h5>HAPE + METALL \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>\u2191\u00a0<\/h5>\n<p><strong>2. Happed reageerivad metallidega, tekivad sool ja vesinik.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">2 Na \u00a0+ 2 HCl \u00a0\u2192 2 NaCl + H<sub>2<\/sub>\u2191<br>2 Al \u00a0+ 3 H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u00a0\u2192 Al<sub>2<\/sub>(SO<sub>4<\/sub>)<sub>3<\/sub> + 3 H<sub>2<\/sub>\u2191<br>Zn + 2 HCl (lahj.)\u00a0\u2192 \u00a0ZnCl<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2191<br>Mg + 2 HCl\u00a0(lahj.) \u2192 \u00a0MgCl<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2191<br>Fe + 2 HCl\u00a0(lahj.) \u2192 \u00a0FeCl<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2191<br>2 Al + 6 HCl\u00a0(lahj.) \u2192 2 AlCl<sub>3<\/sub> + 3 H<sub>2<\/sub> \u2191<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1138\" height=\"502\" class=\"wp-image-92 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 176px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.28.13.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.28.13.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.28.13.png 1138w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.28.13-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.28.13-1024x452.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.28.13-768x339.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1138px) 100vw, 1138px\"><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Joonis 4. Tsingi, magneesiumi, raua ja alumiiniumi reaktsioon 18%-lise HCl-lahusega<\/h6>\n<p>K\u00f5ik metallid ei reageeri hapetega \u00fchtmoodi. Metallide v\u00f5imet hapete lahustest vesinikku v\u00e4lja t\u00f5rjuda iseloomustab metallide pingerida:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1294\" height=\"283\" class=\"wp-image-97 aligncenter\" style=\"width: 700px; height: 153px;\" title=\"thumbnail_image001_01.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/thumbnail_image001_01.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/thumbnail_image001_01.png 1294w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/thumbnail_image001_01-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/thumbnail_image001_01-1024x224.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/thumbnail_image001_01-768x168.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1294px) 100vw, 1294px\"><\/p>\n<p><strong>Metallid, mis asuvad vesinikust paremal<\/strong>, ei reageeri lahjendatudhappelahustega.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Cu + lahj\u00a0HCl \u2192 ei toimu\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Metallid, mis asuvad metallide pingereas vesinikust vasakul<\/strong> (jooniselm\u00e4rgitud sinise kastiga), reageerivad lahjendatud hapete vesilahustega.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Erandiks on l\u00e4mmastikhappe lahused<\/strong>, mis antud skeemi j\u00e4rgi ei reageeri, sest on v\u00e4ga tugevad oks\u00fcdeerijad. Konts. HNO<sub>3<\/sub> on tugevam oks\u00fcdeerija kui H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>. Lahjendatud HNO<sub>3<\/sub>-s (erinevalt H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>-st) on oks\u00fcdeerijaks anioonid (NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>\u2013<\/sup> -ioonid), mitte H<sup>+<\/sup>-ioonid. Seet\u00f5ttu ka lahja HNO<sub>3<\/sub>-lahuse reageerimisel metallidega ei eraldu vesinikku. S\u00f5ltuvalt happe kontsentratsioonist, metalli aktiivsusest ning temperatuurist v\u00f5ivad saadused olla erinevad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1084\" height=\"122\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-94\" style=\"width: 533px; height: 60px;\" title=\"screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.57.12.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.57.12.png\" alt=\"pilt\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.57.12.png 1084w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.57.12-300x34.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.57.12-1024x115.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/screenshot_2022-02-10_at_12.57.12-768x86.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1084px) 100vw, 1084px\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">METALL + L\u00c4MMASTIKHAPE \u2192 SOOL + VESI + L\u00c4MMASTIKU\u00dcHEND<\/p>\n<p>Vaatleme n\u00e4itena Zn reageerimist erineva kontsentratsiooniga l\u00e4mmastikhappe lahusega. Katseandmete p\u00f5hjal on v\u00e4lja pakutud j\u00e4rgmine jaotus ning v\u00f5rrandid.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h5><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"168\" height=\"130\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-96\" style=\"width: 50px; height: 39px; float: right;\" title=\"popup.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/524\/popup.png\" alt=\"popup\"><strong>Loe lisaks:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/48-metallide-keemilised-omadused\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">metallide reageerimine l\u00e4mmastikhappega.<\/a><\/h5>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">Zn + 4 konts\u00a0HNO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192\u00a0Zn(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub> + 2 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u2191 + 2 H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br>3 Zn + 8 lahj\u00a0HNO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0\u2192 \u00a03 Zn(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub> + 2 NO\u2191 + 4 H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e4mmastikhappe vesilahusega reageerivad ka v\u00e4hemaktiivsed metallid Cu, Hg, Ag.<\/p>\n<h5>HAPE + ALUSELINE OKSIID \u2192 SOOL + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/h5>\n<p><strong>3. Happed reageerivad aluseliste oksiididega, tekivad sool ja vesi.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>See reaktsioon toimub alati.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px;\">2 HCl + BaO \u2192 BaCl<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br>2 HNO<sub>3<\/sub> + CaO \u2192 Ca(NO<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<br>CuO + H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> \u2192 CuSO<sub>4<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"accordion mb-3\">\n        <div class=\"accordion-item accordion-item--white\">\n        <h2 class=\"accordion-header\" id=\"accordion-69d56f983c70c-heading\">\n            <button class=\"accordion-button collapsed\" type=\"button\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\" data-bs-target=\"#accordion-69d56f983c70c-collapse\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"accordion-69d56f983c70c-collapse\">\u00dclesanne 2<\/button>\n        <\/h2>\n        <div id=\"accordion-69d56f983c70c-collapse\" class=\"accordion-collapse collapse\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-69d56f983c70c-heading\">\n            <div class=\"accordion-body\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--fixed\" style=\"height: 366px;\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Selles peat\u00fckis k\u00e4sitleme \u00fchte v\u00e4ga olulist \u00fchendite klassi, happeid. Happed m\u00e4ngivad meie igap\u00e4evaelus v\u00e4ga suurt rolli \u2013 nad on puhastusvahendite koostisosad ja kasutuses toitude konserveerimisel. Inimkehas on keerulised s\u00fcsteemid, mis kontrollivad hoolikalt vere happelisust ja aluselisust (vere pH tasakaalu), sest &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":269,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/269"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1199,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions\/1199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/huvitavkeemia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}