{"id":8,"date":"2024-04-03T23:15:08","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T20:15:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/5-geenidevaheline-dna\/"},"modified":"2024-04-10T11:14:05","modified_gmt":"2024-04-10T08:14:05","slug":"5-geenidevaheline-dna","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/5-geenidevaheline-dna\/","title":{"rendered":"5. Mitokondriaalne genoom inimese genoomi osana"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>Uued mitokondrid tekivad olemasolevate jagunemisel.<\/li>\n<li>Inimese mtDNA-s on <strong>37 geeni<\/strong>: mis kodeerivad 13 valku (paiknevad peamiselt sisemembraanis) ning lisaks valgus\u00fcnteesis osalevaid RNA molekule: 2 rRNA-d, 22tRNA-d.<\/li>\n<li>Valke s\u00fcnteesivad mitokondri ribosoomid.<\/li>\n<li>Hulk mitokondri valke kodeeritakse tuuma genoomis, s\u00fcnteesitakse ts\u00fctoplasmas vabades ribosoomides ja transporditakse mitokondrisse \u2013 <strong>mitokondriaalse ja tuumagenoomi interaktsioon<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Mitokondri genoom on r\u00f5ngaskromosoom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Skeem mitokondriaalsest genoomist:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"339\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-35\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" title=\"5-1.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/5-1.png\" alt=\"5-1.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/5-1.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/5-1-265x300.png 265w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\" href=\"http:\/\/users.rcn.com\/jkimball.ma.ultranet\/BiologyPages\/C\/CellularRespiration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/users.rcn.com\/jkimball.ma.ultranet\/BiologyPages\/C\/CellularRespiration.html<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Inimese mitokondriaalne DNA on <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">kaheahelaline r\u00f5ngasmolekul ja \u201ctihe\u201d<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\"> \u2013 on ainult eksonid<\/span><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">, <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">intronid puuduvad<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">H \u2013 ja L \u2013 ahelate transkriptsioon toimub <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">vastassuunaliselt<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Puudub seotus <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">histoonidega<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Puuduvad <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">DNA reparatsioonimehhanismid<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">DNA replikatsioon<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\"> toimub kogu rakuts\u00fckli jooksul, mitte ainult S-faasis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"242\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-36 aligncenter\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" title=\"5-2.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/5-2.png\" alt=\"5-2.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/5-2.png 400w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/56\/5-2-300x182.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\"><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Inimese mitokondriaalse genoomi suurus on <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">16 568 np<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Sisaldab <\/span><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">37 gee<\/strong><strong>ni<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Erinevus tuuma DNA-st seisneb<\/span> <strong>koodonite kasutuses.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><strong>N\u00e4iteks:\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 90px;\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">\u2013 koodonid AGA ja AGG vastavad tuumagenoomis arginiinile (Arg), mitokondris p\u00f5hjustavad nad aga translatsiooni terminatsiooni (STOP-koodonid);<\/span><br>\n<span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">\u2013 UGA, mis on stop \u2013 koodoniks ts\u00fctoplasmas, kodeerib mitokondris tr\u00fcptofaani (Trp);<\/span><br>\n<span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">\u2013 AUA ts\u00fctoplasmas on isoleutsiini (Iso) koodon, mitokondris vastab aga metioniini (Met) initsiaatorkoodonile.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Eukar\u00fcootidel on uute geenide omandamine toimunud \u00fclekandena organellide genoomist tuuma. Inimese genoomi mustandi anal\u00fc\u00fcs laseb oletada <strong>223 bakteriaalse geeni<\/strong> lateraalset \u00fclekannet (kuigi selgrootutel need geenid puuduvad).<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Mitokondriaalse DNA t\u00e4htsus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mitokondriaalne DNA p\u00e4randub<strong> ainult emalt<\/strong> j\u00e4rglastele, isa mitokondrid viljastumisel edasi ei kandu.<\/p>\n<p>Seda fakti arvestades saab:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mtDNA abil <strong>m\u00e4\u00e4rata sugulust emaliini pidi<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>uurida inimese kui liigi p\u00f5lvnemist<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>uurida mitokondriaalseid haigusi<\/strong>, mis tekivad mtDNA muteerumise tulemusel ja p\u00e4randuvad <strong>mitokondriaalse p\u00e4ritavust\u00fc\u00fcbi alusel<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Need haigused v\u00e4ljenduvad enamasti seal, kus on suur <strong>energiavajadus <\/strong>\u2013 s\u00fcdames, lihastes, silmades, maksas, neerus, pankreases (Leberi <em>opticus atrophia; <\/em>Pearsoni luu\u00fcdi-pankrease s\u00fcndroom).<\/p>\n<p>Haiguste kliiniline pilt v\u00f5ib olla v\u00e4ga erinev s\u00f5ltuvalt sellest, kui suur % matriits DNAd on mutantne.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mitokondriaalse DNA anal\u00fc\u00fcs inimese evolutsiooni ja r\u00e4nnete uurimisel:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mtDNA-s on geenide <strong>evolutsioon 10 korda kiirem tuuma <\/strong>omast;<\/li>\n<li><strong>mtDNA mutatsioonide uurimine <\/strong>v\u00f5imaldab m\u00e4\u00e4rata s\u00fcndmuste toimumise aega evolutsioonis;<\/li>\n<li>evolutsiooni uurimiseks emaliini pidi <strong>sekveneeritakse inimpopulatsioonide mtDNA<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\">Kirjandus:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_mitochondrial_genetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_mitochondrial_genetics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a style=\"line-height: 1.6em;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cell.com\/trends\/biochemical-sciences\/retrieve\/pii\/S096800040700028X?_returnURL=http:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S096800040700028X?showall=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.cell.com\/trends\/biochemical-sciences\/\/retrieve\/pii\/S096800040700028X?_returnURL=http:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S096800040700028X?showall=true<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Uued mitokondrid tekivad olemasolevate jagunemisel. Inimese mtDNA-s on 37 geeni: mis kodeerivad 13 valku (paiknevad peamiselt sisemembraanis) ning lisaks valgus\u00fcnteesis osalevaid RNA molekule: 2 rRNA-d, 22tRNA-d. Valke s\u00fcnteesivad mitokondri ribosoomid. Hulk mitokondri valke kodeeritakse tuuma genoomis, s\u00fcnteesitakse ts\u00fctoplasmas vabades ribosoomides &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":280,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/280"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":90,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8\/revisions\/90"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/geneetika2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}