{"id":971,"date":"2024-04-03T23:40:36","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T20:40:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/grenzstein\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T00:08:33","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T21:08:33","slug":"grenzstein","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/g\/grenzstein\/","title":{"rendered":"Ado Grenzstein"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\tPoems<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tNon-fiction<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

Ado Grenzstein (pseudonym A. Piirikivi; 5. II \/24. I 1849 \u2013 20.\/7. IV 1916) was a journalist, man of letters and poet, one of the most significant and controversial public figures in Estonia at the end of the 19th century.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tHe was born at K\u00f5ksi farm in Tarvastu parish in Viljandimaa county, the son of a tenant farmer. From 1867 to 1869 he attended Tarvastu parish school and from 1871 to 1874 J\u0101nis Cimze\u2019s seminary for teachers and sacrists in Valga. Worked as a sacrist and parish school teacher, and as a teacher at the Tartu Teacher\u2019s Seminary. From 1878 to 1880 he completed his pedagogical studies in Vienna.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tIn 1881 he established the journal Olevik<\/em> (\u2018The Present\u2019), which supported the national movement and which quickly became the most influential and significant newspaper in Estonia. Several writers, including Juhan Liiv, Karl Eduard S\u00f6\u00f6t, Andres Saal, and Georg Eduard Luiga, wrote for it. At the end of the eighties, under conditions of intensifying Russification, Grenzstein noted that Estonians should accept the new political situation, and he started to criticize the national efforts and enterprises. In those years, Grenzstein was not an Estonian nationalist but a cosmopolitan humanist. Thus Grenzstein came into conflict with the national political line led by Jaan T\u00f5nisson and with the newspaper Postimees<\/em>, which T\u00f5nisson managed from 1896. Olevik<\/em> lost its former influence and popularity; Grenzstein was in conflict on several fronts. In 1901 he gave up editing the newspaper and left Estonia \u2013 initially to Dresden, later permanently to Paris.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tWhile living in France, Grenzstein changed his views \u2013 he became one of the first Estonian anti-Semites, and a fierce opponent of cosmopolitanism which came to be associated with the Jews. He expressed his views in numerous contributions to Estonian publications, mainly Olevik<\/em>, which ceased publication in 1906, was recommenced in 1910 on Grenzstein\u2019s initiative, and was finally closed in 1915. Grenzstein died on the French Riviera. After Estonia achieved independence, Grenzstein was publicly regarded chiefly as a defender of Russification, a saboteur of the national movement and an agitator for his own interests. Since the nineteen-eighties, however, he has not been regarded so uniformly negatively, and his very active work and voluminous literary legacy are viewed in a more nuanced way.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tAs a poet, Grenzstein published a collection under the pseudonym Ado Piirikivi, A. Piirikivi esimesed luuletused<\/em> (\u2018First Poems by A. Piirikivi\u2019, 1877), influence by folk poetry, and Laulud ja salmid<\/em> (\u2018Songs and Verses\u2019, 1888), which are flavoured with a Koidula-like patriotic pathos. Grenzstein\u2019s clearly best-known poetic work is the children\u2019s song Viisk, p\u00f5is ja \u00f5lek\u00f5rs<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018Bast, bladder and straw\u2019), the words of which parody contemporary public figures. Grenzstein\u2019s later poetry \u2013 such as the collection M\u00f5ttesalmid<\/em> (\u2018Verses of Ideas\u2019, 1899) \u2013 have the quality of versified aphorisms. He also later gave up using a pseudonym. The verse known even today, Vara \u00fcles, hilja voodi, \/ n\u00f5nda rikkus majja toodi<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018Early to rise, late to bed, \/ That\u2019s how wealth in the home was bred\u2019) is from Grenzstein\u2019s pen. A large number of Grenzstein\u2019s poems remain in manuscript \u2013 50,000 lines of verse in Estonian, about as many in German. After living for a time in France, Grenzstein also wrote verse in French.
\u00a0 \u00a0
In his earlier period of activity Grenzstein placed great emphasis on popular education, publishing text materials, textbooks of Estonian, German and Russian, songbooks, and others, as well as the first Estonian \u2018Chess Guide\u2019\u00a0(1883). The Estonian chess terminology \u2013 words such as male<\/em> (chess), lipp<\/em> (queen), kuningas<\/em> (king) \u2013 was invented by Grenzstein. He was very concerned with the question of beauty and purity in the Estonian language; he expressed his views on this in his brochure Kauni keele kaitsemiseks<\/em> (\u2018For the Protection of a Beautiful Language\u2019, 1899).<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tAlongside his articles in Olevik<\/em>, Grenzstein published his commentaries in book form in Estonian, German and Russian. One of his most important works is in German, and sharply critical of the Baltic-German nobility: Herrenkirche oder Volkskirche?<\/em> (\u2018Church for the Gentry or the People?\u2019, 1899), which could not be published in Estonian owing to censorship.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tGrenzstein\u2019s later polemical writings, written in France and of anti-Semitic tendency, for example the books Pankrott tulemas<\/em> (\u2018Bankruptcy Coming\u2019, 1910) and Kodumaa korraldus<\/em> (\u2018Order in the Homeland\u2019, 1910) found no appreciation or attention in Estonia. In exile Grenzstein had more time to concentrate on philosophy. His last work was a systematic study in natural philosophy, Die Organsation der Natur.\u00a0Naturphilosophische Betrachtungen mit neuen Ein- und Ausblicken<\/em> (\u2018The Organisation of Nature: Observations in Natural Philosophy with new Insights and Views\u2019, 1913). Its sequel, Gestalten des Geistes<\/em> (\u2018Forms of the Spirit\u2019, 1914), has remained in manuscript.<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tS. V. (Translated by C. M.)<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

\n\tSelected bibliography in Estonian and German:<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tPoems<\/em><\/strong>
A. Piirikivi\u00a0Esimesed luuletused<\/strong>. Tartu: Schnakenburg, 1877, 42 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:36620<\/a>.]
A. Piirikivi, Laulud ja salmid<\/strong>. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1888, 256 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:36808<\/a>.]
M\u00f5ttesalmid<\/strong>. Jurjev: A. Grenzstein, 1899, 28 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/krzwlive.kirmus.ee\/et\/lisamaterjalid\/<\/a>.]
Priidus<\/strong>. 1-3: Kuningate koosolek; Kihlused; Koit ja \u00c4marik. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1911, 110 lk. [V\u00e4rssn\u00e4idendid. K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:36463<\/a>.]<\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tNon-fiction<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span>
Looduse n\u00f5uud ja j\u00f5uud. 1. raamat<\/strong>. Kodule ja koolile [Aaron Bernsteini j\u00e4rgi] kirjutanud A. Grenzstein. Tartu: Schnakenburg, 1879-1880, 200 lk (1.-3. anne).
Male-\u00f5petus<\/strong>. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1883, 40 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:100076. 2. tr\u00fckk: 1904<\/a>.]
Eesti S\u00f5naraamat: 1600 uut ja w\u00f5erast s\u00f5na<\/strong>. Korjanud ja (Saksa s\u00f5na lisandusega) Eesti keeles selgitanud A. Grenzstein. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1884, 180 veergu. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:101413<\/a>.]<\/span><\/span>
Eesti Lugemise-raamat. 1. jagu<\/strong>. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1887, 84 lk. [J\u00e4rgnevad tr\u00fckid: 1888, 1890.]<\/span><\/span>
Eesti Lugemise-raamat. 2. jagu<\/strong>. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1888, 94 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 1890.]<\/span><\/span>
Eesti k\u00fcsimus: Sada juhtm\u00f5tet rahwuse ja politika elust<\/strong>. \u00dclesse seadinud ja arutamiseks awaldanud A. Grenzstein, Olewiku toimetaja. Jurjev: Olevik, 1894, 35 lk.
Elumaja ehe<\/strong>. Tartu: A. Grenzstein, 1891, 126 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:101414<\/a>.]<\/span><\/span>
Kirjat\u00f6\u00f6de kogu<\/strong>. Walga: F. Karlsoni raamatukauplus, 1885-1901, 519 lk. [Sisu: \u2018Politika aabits\u2019, \u2018M\u00f6isnikkude m\u00f6tted\u2019, \u2018Balti haridus\u2019, \u2018Kirjakogu\u2019, \u2018L\u00f5pueksam nooreestlaste ja wanasakslaste keskes\u2019, \u2018Seltsi juhatus\u2019, \u2018Rahwa t\u00f6\u00f6 rakendus\u2019, \u2018Meie waimuwalla tegelased\u2019, \u2018Kauni keele kaitsemiseks\u2019, \u2018M\u00f5ttesalmid\u2019, \u2018Eesti k\u00fcsimus\u2019, P. N. Bulatow, \u2018Kuda w\u00f5ib ennast kolera eest hoida?\u2019 \u2018Seltsi \u00e4riraamatute sissesead\u2019, \u2018Maa tundmine\u2019, \u2018Talu wiljapuu aed\u2019, \u2018Linna puud ja puiestikud\u2019, \u2018Raadi waldkonna majanduse geografia\u2019, Wilhelm Busch, \u2018Naljapildid\u2019, \u2018Eesti s\u00f5naraamat\u2019.]
Elutarkus ja Ilmakunst<\/strong>. Jurjev: A. Grenzstein, 1896, 196 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: \u00a0<\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:101417<\/a>.]<\/span><\/span>
Laste lugemiseraamat. 1. jagu<\/strong>. Jurjev: A. Grenzstein, 1896, 80 lk.<\/span><\/span>
L\u00f5pueksam nooreestlaste ja wanasakslaste keskes<\/strong>. Jurjev: A. Grenzstein, 1898, 103 lk.
Herrenkirche oder Volkskirche? Eine estnische Stimme im baltischen Chor<\/strong>. Jurjew: A. Grenzstein, 1899, 150 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10062\/16951<\/a>.]
Kauni keele kaitsemiseks<\/strong>. Jurjew: A. Grenzstein, 1899, 36 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, 1996, 55 lk. K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:100501<\/a>.]<\/span><\/span>
Ajaloo album<\/strong>. Tartu: s.n., 1910, 377 lk. [Grenzsteini p\u00e4evaraamat 1891\u20141900.]<\/span><\/span>
Kodumaa Korraldus<\/strong>. Tartu: G. Zirk, 1910, 246 lk.<\/span><\/span>
Pankrott tulemas<\/strong>. Tartu: A. K. Naariz, 1910, 94 lk.<\/span><\/span>
Juudik\u00fcsimus<\/strong>. Tartu: [s. n.], 1912, 113 lk.<\/span><\/span>
Die Organisation der Natur: Naturphilosophische Betrachtungen mit neuen Ein- und Ausblicken<\/strong>. Paris und Leipzig: Kommissionsverlag Buchhandlung H. Le Soudier, 1913, 137 lk.<\/span><\/span>
Eesti haridus<\/strong>. Koostaja Simo Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2012, 543 lk. [Sari \u2018Eesti m\u00f5ttelugu\u2019.]<\/span><\/span>
Tunne ja tarkus<\/strong>. T\u00f5lkinud ja saates\u00f5na: Simo Runnel. Tartu: Ilmamaa, 2016, 360 lk. [T\u00f5lgitud teostest \u2018Herrenkirche oder Volkskirche?\u2019 ja \u2018Die Organisation der Natur\u2019. Sari \u2018Eesti m\u00f5ttelugu\u2019.]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

About Ado Grenzstein<\/em><\/strong>
Aadu Grenzsteini v\u00f5itlus Jaan T\u00f5nissoniga<\/strong>. Korraldanud A. Kruusberg. Tartu: Odamees, 1921, 79 lk. [Sisu: Sisu: A. Kruusberg, \u2018A. Grenzsteini m\u00fc\u00fcdavus\u2019, A. Grenzsteini kaebused J. T\u00f5nissoni ja tsensori peale, katkeid Grenzsteini \u00e4rilise sisuga kirjadest, kirjutused Grenzsteini surma puhul, rahuleping. K\u00e4ttesaadav: <\/span><\/span>http:\/\/www.digar.ee\/id\/nlib-digar:216481<\/a>.]<\/span><\/span>
Friedebert Tuglas, Ado Grenzsteini lahkumine<\/strong>. P\u00e4\u00e4t\u00fckid meie ajakirjanduse ja tsensuuri ajaloost. Tartu: Noor-Eesti, 1926, 229 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 2018, 371 lk.]<\/span><\/span>
Mart Laar, Tuglas, ajalugu ja \u201cAdo Grenzsteini lahkumine\u201d<\/strong>. \u2013 Looming, nr 12, 1986, lk 1676-1683.<\/span><\/span>
Jaan Undusk, Esimene eesti juudi\u00f5gija. Ado Grenzsteini endatapp antisemitismis<\/strong>. I\u2013II. \u2013 Vikerkaar, nr 2\u20133, 1991, lk 66\u201374, 57\u201368.<\/span><\/span>
Jaanus Arukaevu. Ado Grenzsteini tagasitulek<\/strong>. \u2013 Akadeemia nr 12, 1997, lk 2467\u20132514.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Poems\u00a0 Non-fiction Ado Grenzstein (pseudonym A. Piirikivi; 5. II \/24. I 1849 \u2013 20.\/7. IV 1916) was a journalist, man of letters and poet, one of the most significant and controversial public figures in Estonia at the end of the …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":0,"parent":589,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-971","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/43"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=971"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/971\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4102,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/971\/revisions\/4102"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/589"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}