{"id":577,"date":"2024-04-03T23:40:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T20:40:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/virginius\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T00:09:40","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T21:09:40","slug":"virginius","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/v\/virginius\/","title":{"rendered":"Adrian Virginius"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\tAdrian Virginius (30.\/20. XI 1663 \u2013 08. VII \/ 27. VI 1706) was a Baltic German clergyman, translator and linguist. He edited and published Wastne Testamen<\/em>t (\u2018The New Testament\u2019, 1686), written in the South Estonian dialect, which is the first complete Estonian language print of the New Testament and also the first book that is completely in Estonian.<\/span><\/p>\n

Virginius\u2019 grandfather Adrian Virginius senior was born in Pomerania (nowadays in West Poland), worked as a pastor at the St John\u2019s congregation in Tartu and at N\u00f5o, and also taught at the University of Tartu. Virginius\u2019 father Andreas Virginius was born in Estonia and served as a pastor in Kambja for 41 years. Adrian Virginius junior was homeschooled but also studied at Tartu county school, Riga Lyceum and Tallinn Gymnasium. His theology studies at the University of Kiel remained unfinished as his father sent for him after Adrian had sustained an arm injury at a duel. Johann Fischer, the superintendent-general of Livonia, had Virginius begin translating church literature along with other South Estonian pastors, including Adrian\u2019s father Andreas. From 1686-1694, Adrian worked as a pastor in Puhja and in 1964, he relocated to Otep\u00e4\u00e4 to continue working as a pastor. In 1702, after the Great Northern War had broken out, he sent his family to safety in Tartu but stayed in Otep\u00e4\u00e4 with the local farmers to organize a resistance to Russian plundering raids. After Tartu was taken by Russian forces in 1704, Virginius was arrested for spying because he had not notified the authorities of some private letters he had sent. It is likely that the true cause for arrest was organizing the resistance in Otep\u00e4\u00e4. Many people spoke out in his defense \u2013 Tartu city authorities, Otep\u00e4\u00e4 farmers and estate owners \u2013 but he was still beheaded in front of Tartu city gates (currently, on the riverside part of the town hall square of Tartu) in 1706.<\/p>\n

Adrian Virginius\u2019 work as a translator and editor came at a very turbulent time in terms of the development of the Estonian language. At the time, there were two schools of thought on the Estonian written language. The first consisted of Tallinn based clergy of the consistory of Estonia, who favored the German way of writing Estonian language that was described in Heinrich Stahl\u2019s grammar (1637). The second school included the consistory of Livonia, led by Johann Fischer, who supported the younger language innovators such as B. G. Forselius, according to whom the writing should follow the oral language. Virginius was also a follower of the latter school. The sometimes heated disagreements of the two schools have been referred to as the \u201cSpelling War\u201d. Ultimately, Forselius\u2019 orthography won and was in use until the mid-19th century, when it was replaced by the \u201cnew writing\u201d\u00a0based on Finnish orthography.<\/p>\n

Adrian\u2019s father Andreas was considered a good speaker of Estonian. Both men could speak both North and South Estonian which was uncommon among pastors of the time. The main translator of the South Estonian \u2018New Testament\u2019\u00a0was most likely Andreas Virginius, but the final editor was Adrian. The Testament still uses a mix of H. Stahl\u2019s and Forselius\u2019 writing, yet in later publications, Virginius is consistent in using only the Forselius\u2019 variant. The father and son also compiled the four part church handbook Tarto-Ma Kele K\u00e4ssi Ramat<\/em> (\u2018The Handbook in the Tartu Language\u2019, 1690-1691), written in South Estonian. It also included Adrian\u2019s description titled Jerusalemmi-Lina hirmsast \u00c4rr\u00e4h\u00e4et\u00e4missest<\/em> (\u2018Of the Awful Destruction of Jerusalem\u2019), which is considered to be the first secular work of prose in Estonian. It is an adaptation of \u2018The Jewish War\u2019 by Josephus. Adrian\u2019s adaptation in turn probably inspired the famous lament Oh! ma vaene Tardo-liin<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018Ah Me! Poor Tartu Town!\u2019) by K\u00e4su Hans, written at the beginning of the 18th century.<\/p>\n

Adrian Virginius\u2019 most important contribution to the development of the North Estonian dialect is the four part church handbook Ma Kele Koddo ning Kirgo Ramat<\/em> (\u2018The Domestic and Church Book in Estonian\u2019, 1964-95) compiled by him, Reiner Brocmann, J. D. von Berthold, M. de Moulin and J. Hornung. After the clergy in Tallinn protested, its use was forbidden by the Swedish king. It was published again in 1700. From 1687-1690, the Virginiuses were also translating the Old Testament into North Estonian, but due to the Tallinn clergy\u2019s resistance, the work was left unfinished after the Book of Job. The first complete North Estonian language Bible, supervised by Anton Thor Helle, was published much later in in 1739.<\/p>\n

S. V. (Translated by A. S.)<\/em>\n<\/p>\n

Books in Estonian<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tTranslations<\/em><\/strong>
Meije Issanda Jesusse Kristusse Wastne Testament<\/strong>, Echk Jummala P\u00f6h\u00e4 S\u00f6nna, Kumb Perr\u00e4st ISSANDA JESUSSE KRISTUSSE S\u00fcndmist p\u00f6hist Ewangelistist nink Apostlist om \u00fclleskirjotetu. Cum Gratia et Privilegio S[acrae] R[egiae] M[ajestetis] Sueciae. Riga: 1686, 483 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: https:\/\/www.digar.ee\/arhiiv\/nlib-digar:100545. 2. tr\u00fckk: 1727<\/a>.]
Esimene Moosese raamat; Iiobi raamat<\/strong>. T\u00f5lkinud 1687-1690 Andreas ja Adrian Virginius. Koostanud Kristiina Ross; \u00fcmber kirjutanud Johanna Ross. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus, 2003, 445 lk.<\/span>\n<\/p>\n

\n\tEditions<\/em><\/strong>
\u00d6nsa Lutri Laste Oppus<\/strong>, L\u00fchhidelt P\u00fchh\u00e4 Kirja perr\u00e4 \u00e4rr\u00e4selletetu, nink K\u00fcssimisse nink Kostmisse kombel kokkos\u00e4etu, Jummalalle Auwusz, nink temm\u00e4 Tarto-Ma Koggodusse Tullusz. Rian: 1684, 112 lk. [J\u00e4rgnevad tr\u00fckid: 1694, 1700, 1724, 1741, 1755.]
Wastne Tarto Mah Keele Laulo Rahmat<\/strong>, Kum[m]an egga suhre, kah t\u00f6iste Puha- n. muh Saisusse Laulo, sahwa l\u00f6itus, kumma ennemuste sest \u00f6nsast Luterussest, n. muist p\u00f6hist Mehist omma tettu n. \u00fclleskirjotetu, n\u00fchd monnest Tartomah Kerk Issandist S\u00f6nna \u00fctte s\u00fcndmisse kombel kokkos\u00e4etu n. \u00fcttewihdu, Jummala Auwusz n. temma Koggodusse Tullusz. Rijan: 1685, 244 lk.
Tarto-Ma Kele K\u00e4ssi Ramat<\/strong> Kumma sisse I. Kik Ewangeliumma- nink Epistli-Lu, kumbe egg\u00e4l Aig-P\u00fchh\u00e4l Suril- nink muil P\u00fchhil, kumma Ajastan tullewa, loetas nink selletet\u00e4s; II. Issanda JEsusse Kristusse Kannatamisse- nink Koolmisse Luggu; III. Meije Issanda JEsusse Kristusse \u00dcllest\u00f6sseminne nink Taiwa-Minneminne, nelj\u00e4 Ewangeliste Kirjotamisse perr\u00e4; IV. Jummala P\u00fchh\u00e4 Waimo Tullemisse Luggu, kuitao sesamma n\u00e4ggew\u00e4l kombel eesm\u00e4tsel Wastse Testamendi Suwwiste-P\u00fchh\u00e4-Apostlide p\u00e4le om l\u00e4hh\u00e4tet; V. Jerusalemmi Lina hirmolline \u00c4rr\u00e4h\u00e4etus. VI. Tarto-Ma Kele S\u00f6nna \u00fcttesundmisse kombel kokko kirjotetu Laulu-Ramat; VII. Palwusse Ramat. VIII. \u00d6nsa Lutri kristlikko Oppusse P\u00e4t\u00fckki Katekismus, ehk Laste Oppus; \u00fcttekokko omma pantu nink ilmotetu. Jummalalle Auwusz nink Tarto-Ma Koggodusselle Tullusz. Riga: [1690-]1691, [18]+264+[12]+238+[22]+88+[68] lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: https:\/\/www.digar.ee\/arhiiv\/nlib-digar:241759<\/a>. J\u00e4rgnevad tr\u00fckid: 1698, 1732, 1743, 1756-1757.]
Ma Kele Koddo ning Kirgo Ramat<\/strong>, Kumma sisse. I. Keik Ewangeliumme ja Epistli Loud; II. Issanda JEsusse Kristusse Kannataminne- ning Surm. III. JEsusse Kristusse \u00dcllestousminne ning Taewaminneminne. IV. Jummala P\u00fchha Waimo n\u00e4ggew Tulleminne Apostlide p\u00e4le. V. Jerusalemma Linna \u00c4rrah\u00e4wwitaminne. VI. Ma-Kele Uus Laulo-Ramat. VII. Ma-Kele palwe Ramat. VIII. \u00d6nsa Lutri Katekismus, ehk Laste \u00d6ppetus, \u00fchte ommad kirjotetud. Jummala Auuks, ja temma Koggodusse \u00d6ppetusseks. Riga: 1694-1695, [18]+284+[8]+208+[8]+96+[8]+84 lk. [K\u00e4ttesaadav: https:\/\/www.digar.ee\/arhiiv\/nlib-digar:12830<\/a>.]<\/span>
\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Adrian Virginius (30.\/20. XI 1663 \u2013 08. VII \/ 27. VI 1706) was a Baltic German clergyman, translator and linguist. He edited and published Wastne Testament (\u2018The New Testament\u2019, 1686), written in the South Estonian dialect, which is the first …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":0,"parent":733,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-577","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/43"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=577"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4499,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/577\/revisions\/4499"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/733"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}