{"id":1611,"date":"2024-04-03T23:41:37","date_gmt":"2024-04-03T20:41:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/bernardkangro\/"},"modified":"2025-04-15T13:14:43","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T10:14:43","slug":"bernardkangro","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/k\/bernardkangro\/","title":{"rendered":"Bernard Kangro"},"content":{"rendered":"

Poems<\/a>\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Novels<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

About Bernard Kangro<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bernard Kangro (born Bernhard Kangro, 18.\/5. IX 1910 \u2013 25. III 1994) was one of the most important Estonian expatriate writers \u2013 a poet, novelist and organizer of literary life.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

He was born at a farm in Urvaste parish, V\u00f5ru county. From 1919-1924, he studied at Kiltre and Antsla primary schools and from 1924-1929 at Valga Gymnasium for Boys in the humanities department. From 1931-1932, he continued his studies at Military School in Tallinn and from 1929-1937, he majored in literature, Estonian, philosophy and folklore at the University of Tartu. In 1938, he defended his master\u2019s thesis The History of the Estonian Sonnet<\/em>. The same year, he began his PhD thesis titled The History of the Estonian Novel<\/em> that was left unfinished. Before the war, he worked as a critic for the magazines Looming<\/em> and Eesti Kirjandus<\/em>. From 1941-1943, he worked at the department of literature at the University of Tartu and from 1934-1944, as a dramaturge for Vanemuine theater. In 1944, he fled to Sweden through Finland. From 1950, he lived in Lund where he founded the culture magazine Tulimuld and the publishing house Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv. Kangro managed them both until they were closed down in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv became the largest and most successful publishing house for Estonian expatriates that published 400 books in 40 years. Kangro passed away in Lund. He was elected honorary doctor at the University of Tartu (1990) and an honorary member of the Estonian Writers\u2019 Union and the Estonian Literary Society. He was awarded the Henrik Visnapuu Literature Prize four times and the extraordinary lifetime achievement award by the Estonian Cultural Foundation in the US (1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kangro\u2019s first poems were published in the magazine Kevadik<\/em> in 1929 and his first poem collection Sonetid<\/em> (\u2018Sonnets\u2019, 1935), which focused on detail rich nature poetry, was published by Kangro\u2019s own publishing company Kammissepad. In his subsequent collections, in addition to a fascination with the South Estonian nature and farm life, the mystical and Finno-Ugric folklore motifs can be found as well. Kangro\u2019s poetry moves on the borders of the real, the imaginary and the phantasmal. He wrote the bulk of his collection P\u00f5lenud puu<\/em> (\u2018The Burned Tree\u2019, 1944) in a few weeks while waiting for his escape boat in Valkla on the North Estonian coast. The Burned Tree was published in 1945, it was the first Estonian book of literature ever to appear in Sweden. Kangro published 17 poetry collections and several selections. By having written approximately 2,500 poems, he is one of the most prolific Estonian poets. He was also a member of a group of poets called Arbujad, which was formed around the student society Veljesto and became one of the most influential Estonian poet groupings. The name Arbujad was proposed by Kangro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kangro was prolific also as a prose writer and published 17 novels, in addition to one collection of short prose. Much like his poetry, Kangro\u2019s prose focuses on the uncertainty of reality and its indistinguishability from the illusory. His first novels Igatsetud maa<\/em> (\u2018The Coveted Land\u2019, 1949) and Kuma taevarannal<\/em> (\u2018The Glow on the Heaven\u2019s Shore\u2019, 1950) depict the birth and development of the idea of Estonian independence at the turn of the 20th century in a panoramic realist way. Stylistically, his third novel Peipsi<\/em> (\u2018Peipus, 1954) already borders realism and symbolism. The novel is set in 1939 and focuses on the danger posed by Russia. The novel Taeva v\u00f5tmed<\/em> (\u2018Keys to Heaven\u2019, 1956) is a sequel to the novel by A. H. Tammsaare \u2018P\u00f5rgup\u00f5hja uus Vanapagan\u2019 (\u2018The Misadventures of the New Satan\u2019) which features Satans\u2019s daughter Riia. His fifth novel Sinine v\u00e4rav<\/em> (\u2018The Blue Gate\u2019, 1957) may be considered an introduction to Kangro\u2019s later, central prose works, as it resembles them in style and uses the same motifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kangro\u2019s so-called Tartu novels make up a dual trilogy: the first are J\u00e4\u00e4l\u00e4tted<\/em> (\u2018Ice Springs\u2019, 1958), Emaj\u00f5gi<\/em> (1961) and Tartu<\/em> (1962); and the second Kivisild<\/em> (\u2018Stone Bridge\u2019, 1963), Must raamat<\/em> (\u2018Black Book\u2019, 1965) and Keeristuli<\/em> (\u2018Whirl Fire\u2019, 1969). The reception of the Tartu cycle novels was at first controversial but in later decades, it is in fact these works, especially J\u00e4\u00e4l\u00e4tted<\/em> and Emaj\u00f5gi<\/em>, that have been most praised by readers and critics alike, both in exile and at home (especially after J\u00e4\u00e4l\u00e4tted<\/em> was published in Estonia in 1990). The Kangro Tartu novels start by depicting the life of young humanities students in Tartu in the 1930s and their later fortune. However, the plot does not take place in a realistic, chronologically coherent spacetime but rather in an unreal environment, akin to Hingede \u00f6\u00f6<\/em> (\u2018Night of Souls\u2019) by Karl Ristikivi, where different times and places form a large labyrinthic, mosaic whole. Mystifications and games with literary genres dominate the first trilogy of the cycle, the second focuses more on inevitable historic events and thereby is more realistic. While writing the novel Emaj\u00f5gi, Kangro also wrote a novel about writing it that was called \u00dcks s\u00fcndmusteta suvi: Romaan \u00fche romaani s\u00fcnnist ehk \u00fclest\u00e4hendusi t\u00f5elisuse ja kujutluse piirimailt<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018An Uneventful Summer: A Novel on the Birth of a Novel, or Notes from the Borderlands of the Real and Imaginary\u2019) and was published posthumously in 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Joonatan trilogy that followed the Tartu cycle \u2013 Joonatan, kadunud veli<\/em> (\u2018Joonatan, The Lost Brother\u2019, 1971), \u00d6\u00f6 astmes x<\/em> (\u2018Night to the Power of x\u2019, 1973) and Puu saarel on alles<\/em> (\u2018The Tree Still Stands on the Island\u2019, 1973) \u2013 continues using the same motifs from the Tartu cycle by observing an expatriate\u2019s visit to their hometown over the course of two days and a nightmarish night. The trilogy was inspired by a dream and its second and third parts were written in 17 days. Kangro\u2019s last novels Kuus p\u00e4eva<\/em> (\u2018Six Days\u2019, 1980) and Seitsmes p\u00e4ev<\/em> (\u2018The Seventh Day\u2019, 1984) form the so-called historical Lund dilogy that depicts the life of Andreas Sunesen, the archbishop of Lund, including his war campaign to the Estonian coast in 1219.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kangro wrote plays as well, five of which can be found in the collection Merre vajunud saar<\/em> (\u2018The Sunken Island\u2019, 1968). He also wrote memoirs, essays and researched writers, which included two books on Arbujad, and compiled bibliographies on expatriate literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S. V. (Translated by A. S.)<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Books in Estonian<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poems<\/em><\/strong>
Sonetid<\/strong>. 1934-1935. Tartu: Kammissepad, 1935, 63 lk.
Vanad majad<\/strong>. Luuletusi 1936-37. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanikkude Liit, 1937, 71 lk.
Reheahi<\/strong>. Tartu: Eesti Kirjanikkude Liit, 1939, 79 lk.
P\u00f5lenud puu<\/strong>. Neljas kogu luuletusi. Karlstad: 1945, 80 lk.
P\u00fchap\u00e4ev<\/strong>. Viies kogu luuletusi. Karlstad: 1946, 79 lk.
Seitsmes \u00f6\u00f6<\/strong>. Lund: 1947, 79 lk.
Tulease<\/strong>. Seitsmes kogu luuletusi. Lund: 1949, 79 lk.
Veebruar<\/strong>. Kaheksas kogu luuletusi. Lund: 1951, 80 lk.
Eikellegi maa<\/strong>. \u00dcheksas kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1952, 79 lk.
Suvihari<\/strong>. K\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1955, 95 lk.
September<\/strong>. \u00dcheteistk\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1964, 95 lk.
Varjumaa<\/strong>. Kaheteistk\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1966, 112 lk.
Puud k\u00f5nnivad kaugemale<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1969, 96 lk.
Allikad silla juures<\/strong>. Neljateistk\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1972, 80 lk.
Merevalgus. Tuuletund<\/strong>. Viieteistk\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1977, 96 lk.
Tuiskliiv. Talvereis<\/strong>. Kuueteistk\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1985, 96 lk.
Hingetuisk. J\u00e4\u00e4minek<\/strong>. Seitsmeteistk\u00fcmnes kogu luuletusi. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1988, 80 lk.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Poems (selected and collected)<\/em><\/strong>
Ajatu m\u00e4lestus. Sada luuletust 1935-1946<\/strong>. Valinud ja eess\u00f5na kirjutanud Ivar Ivask. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1960, 174 lk.
V\u00f5\u00f5ramaa \u00f5htu<\/strong>. Koostanud ja eess\u00f5na: Jaan Kross. Tallinn: 1966, 64 lk. [Sari \u2018Faktid ja kommentaarid. Ajalehe \u201cKodumaa\u201d lisa\u2019.]
Minu n\u00e4gu. Luulekogumik 1934-1969<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1970, 556 lk.
S\u00fcda ei p\u00f5le \u00e4ra. Kaheksa l\u00fc\u00fcrilist poeemi<\/strong>. Lund: Tulimuld, 1989, 119 lk. [Sisu: \u2018S\u00fcda ei p\u00f5le \u00e4ra\u2019, \u2018Pikk teekond\u2019, \u2018Ulmasaarestik\u2019, \u2018Kihvakaania\u2019, \u2018Absurdne aeg\u2019, \u2018Eikuskimaa \u2013 metamaailm\u2019, \u2018Kattkivi eleegiad\u2019, \u2018Kojutulek Kihvakaaniast\u2019.]
Kogutud luuletusi. 1. k\u00f6ide. Aastaist 1927-1989<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1990, 327 lk.
Kogutud luuletusi. 2. k\u00f6ide. Aastaist 1927-1989<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1991, 326 lk.
Kojukutsuv h\u00e4\u00e4l. Valitud luulet 1927-1993<\/strong>. Koostanud ja j\u00e4rels\u00f5na: Oskar Kruus. Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 2000, 350 lk.
S\u00fctevakk s\u00fcdames<\/strong>. Koostanud ja j\u00e4rels\u00f5na: Karl Muru. Tallinn: T\u00e4nap\u00e4ev, 2008, 149 lk.
Urmas Bereczki (koostaja), See sinine sirjendav kaugus<\/strong>: Bernard Kangro ridade vahel tuhlates: Kangro luulest inspireeritud raamat, joonistused, heliplaat ja film. Ungari-eesti t\u00f5lked: Reet Klettenberg, eesti-inglise t\u00f5lked: Laura Neill; illustratsioonid: Virge J\u00f5ekalda, kujundus: Loit J\u00f5ekalda. Tallinn: Lepalind, 2016, 226 pp, 1 CD, 1 DVD. [Includes 33 English translations of Bernard Kangro\u2019s poems.]<\/span><\/span><\/span>
P\u00f5ues on palanguid, p\u00f5skedel \u00f5htuse paitus. Avaldamata luuletusi<\/strong>. Koostanud ja toimetanud \u00d5nne Kepp ja Maarja Hollo, eess\u00f5na: \u00d5nne Kepp, j\u00e4rels\u00f5nad \u00d5nne Kepp ja Maarja Hollo. V\u00f5ru: V\u00f5ru Instituut, 2020, 216 lk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Novels<\/em><\/strong>
Igatsetud maa<\/strong>. Vadstena: Orto, 1949, 326 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 2017; e-raamat: 2017.]
Kuma taevarannal<\/strong>. G\u00f6teborg: Orto, 1950, 372 lk.
Peipsi<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1954, 324 lk.
Taeva v\u00f5tmed<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1956, 303 lk.
Sinine v\u00e4rav<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1957, 304 lk.
J\u00e4\u00e4l\u00e4tted<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1958, 336 lk. [J\u00e4rgnevad tr\u00fckid: 1990, 2009, 2023.]
Emaj\u00f5gi<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1961, 320 lk. [J\u00e4rgmised tr\u00fckid: 1991, 2023.]
Tartu<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1962, 341 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 1996.]
Kivisild<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1963, 312 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 2023.]<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Must raamat<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1965, 319 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 2023.]<\/span><\/span><\/span>
Keeristuli<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1969, 272 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 2023.]
Joonatan, kadunud veli<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1971, 255 lk.
Puu saarel on alles<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1973, 247 lk.
\u00d6\u00f6 astmes X<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1973, 272 lk.
Kuus p\u00e4eva. Andreas Sunepoja p\u00e4evaraamat ja pihtimused<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1980, 260 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 2006.]
Seitsmes p\u00e4ev. Linus Asseri p\u00e4evik<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1984, 215 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 1991.]
Kipitai<\/strong>. Autobiograafiline romaan. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1992, 200 lk. [2. tr\u00fckk: 1992.]
\u00dcks s\u00fcndmusteta suvi. Romaan \u00fche romaani s\u00fcnnist ehk \u00fclest\u00e4hendusi t\u00f5elisuse ja kujutluste piirimailt<\/strong>. Tartu: E\u00dcS Veljesto kirjastus, 1998, 143 lk.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Short stories<\/em><\/strong>
Sinised mesilased<\/strong>. P\u00f5imik l\u00fchieepikat. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1987, 215 lk. [Sisu: \u2018Sinised mesilased\u2019, \u2018Trepid\u2019, \u2018K\u00e4rbes\u2019, \u2018Olen hobune\u2019, \u2018Kahev\u00f5itlus\u2019, \u2018Kuuled, l\u00f5oke laulab\u2019, \u2018\u00dcles\u00f5it\u2019, \u2018Tsirkus\u2019, \u2018Loomad\u2019, \u2018Livet \u00e4r en g\u00e5va\u2019, \u2018Solveig\u2019, \u2018\u00dcks hilinemine\u2019, \u2018Sk\u00e5ne hertsog\u2019, \u2018Mis Sokrates Riia linnast arvab\u2019, \u2018Kummitused\u2019, \u2018Kadunud poja lugu\u2019, \u2018Teekonna l\u00f5pp\u2019, \u2018Samuel Tuhk\u2019, \u2018V\u00f5\u00f5ras\u2019, \u2018Kurat\u2019, \u2018Mirjami monoloog\u2019, \u2018Philemon ja Baucis\u2019, \u2018Jaani\u00f5htu, 1933\u2019.]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plays<\/em><\/strong>
Merre vajunud saar<\/strong>. Viis n\u00e4idendit. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1968, 159 lk. [Sisu: \u2018Hunt\u2019, \u2018\u00dcle j\u00f5e\u2019, \u2018Eelpost\u2019, \u2018Linnuaiad\u2019, \u2018Merre vajunud saar\u2019.]
Kohtumine vanas majas<\/strong>. Draama kolmes pildis proloogi ja epiloogiga. Stockholm: 1979, 46 lk.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Non-fiction<\/em><\/strong>
Bernhard Kangro, Eesti soneti ajalugu<\/strong>. Aavec un r\u00e9sum\u00e9: Histoire du sonnet estonien. Tartu: 1938, 125 lk.
Eesti kirjandus siin- ja sealpool piiri. Bibliograafiline \u00fclevaade eesti algup\u00e4rase kirjanduse esmatr\u00fckkidest 1945-1964<\/strong>. Lund: Tulimuld, 1965, 23 lk.
Arvo M\u00e4gi, Karl Ristikivi, Bernard Kangro, Eesti kirjandus paguluses 1944-1972<\/strong>. With an english summary. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1973, 180 lk.
Eesti Rootsis<\/strong>. \u00dclevaade s\u00f5nas ja pildis. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1976, 287 lk.
\u00c4itsmemehi ja p\u00e4rlip\u00fc\u00fcdjaid. Esseed ja m\u00e4rkmed pagulaskirjanikest<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1978, 151 lk. [1. k\u00f6ide.]
Arbujad. M\u00e4rkmeid, m\u00e4lestusi, m\u00f5tisklusi<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1981, 312 lk. [1. k\u00f6ide.]
Arbujate kaasaeg. M\u00e4rkmeid, m\u00e4lestusi, m\u00f5tisklusi<\/strong>. 2. k\u00f6ide. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1983, 280 lk.
H\u00e4itsmemehi ja p\u00e4rlip\u00fc\u00fcdjaid. Esseid ja m\u00e4rkmeid eesti kirjandusest<\/strong>. 2. k\u00f6ide. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1987, 180 lk.
Eesti kirjakuulutaja eksiilis. Biblio- ja biograafiline teatmik aastaist 1944-1986<\/strong>. Kirjanduse lugu andmetes, arvudes ja piltides. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1989, 231 lk.
See on Bernard Kangro ajalik eluk\u00e4ik ta enese poolt kokku pandud meeles pidamiseks ja \u00f5petuseks ja nalja p\u00e4rast<\/strong>. Toimetanud M. Kasterpalu. Tartu: Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi nim. Kirjandusmuuseum, 1992, 44 lk.
H\u00e4rjan\u00e4dalate aegu. Ts\u00fckkel autobiograafilisi esseid<\/strong>. Tallinn: Kuldvillak, 1994, 192 lk.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Correspondence<\/em><\/strong>
Bernard Kangro, Karl Ristikivi, Kirjad romaanist. 31 kirja aastaist 1966-1977<\/strong>. Lund: Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1985, 79 lk.
Bernard Kangro, Gustav Suits, Kaasteelised. Bernard Kangro ja Gustav Suitsu kirjavahetus 1944-1955<\/strong>. Koostanud ja kommentaarid kirjutanud Eve Annuk. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, 2001, 173 lk.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Poems\u00a0 Novels About Bernard Kangro \u00a0 \u00a0 Bernard Kangro (born Bernhard Kangro, 18.\/5. IX 1910 \u2013 25. III 1994) was one of the most important Estonian expatriate writers \u2013 a poet, novelist and organizer of literary life. He was born …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":43,"featured_media":0,"parent":498,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1611","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1611","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/43"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1611"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1611\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6983,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1611\/revisions\/6983"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/ewod\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1611"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}