{"id":7,"date":"2024-04-04T05:13:03","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T02:13:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/4-sanctions-and-countersanctions-eu-russia-relations\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T05:13:09","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T02:13:09","slug":"4-sanctions-and-countersanctions-eu-russia-relations","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/4-sanctions-and-countersanctions-eu-russia-relations\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Sanctions and countersanctions in EU-Russia relations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_420\">\r\n\t<strong id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_423\"><span id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_422\" style=\"OpenSans,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;small\">The lecture will be focused on reaching the following objectives:<\/span><\/strong>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_299\">\r\n\t<li id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_419\">\r\n\t\t<span id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_418\" style=\"OpenSans,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;small\">explain the concept of sanctions.<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_417\">\r\n\t\t<span id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_424\" style=\"OpenSans,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;small\">provide an overview of the EU sanctions towards Russia and the changing dynamics of EU-Russia relations after the MH17 crash.<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_298\">\r\n\t\t<span id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_297\" style=\"OpenSans,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;small\">examine Russia\u2019s response to the EU sanctions.<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_416\">\r\n\t<span id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1562655597208_425\" style=\"OpenSans,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;small\">To reach the learning objectives, students are required to watch the video lecture, read the study materials as well as to complete the fourth self-test. <\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-310f2bf8-7fff-4d08-1243-df993e0fe1b9\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">In the previous lecture, we looked at the security dimension of the Crimean annexation. In this lecture, we will look at the economic side and implications of the Ukraine crisis, namely we will examine the issue of sanctions in EU-Russia relations and discuss how the crash of MH17 changed their scope.<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"> However, before discussing the effectiveness of sanctions in the context of the Ukraine crisis; we first have to define the concept of sanctions.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-6e8b9a6b-7fff-cfaf-63f3-abe5769cb4af\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">Margaret Doxey defines <strong>economic sanctions<\/strong> as \u201cpenalties threatened or imposed as a declared consequence of the target\u2019s failure to observe international standards or international obligations.\u201d Economic sanctions can also be defined as \u201cpunitive actions initiated by a number of international actors, particularly a world organization such as the United Nations, against one or more states for violating a universally approved charter, as inducements to follow, or refrain from following, that particular course of conduct and conform with international law.\u201d<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"> <\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-86a4caa2-7fff-8c3f-2a9f-f42ccd73164c\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">It is important to point out that sanctions might be aimed at states, or individuals, who do not necessarily violated international law; but given the context of the Crimea crisis, we would adopt the definition of sanctions mentioned above.<\/span> <span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">The <strong>sanctions are imposed for several purposes<\/strong>: <\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul dir=\"ltr\">\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">to punish the target state (organization, individual)<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">force change in the target\u2019s policies\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">demonstrate to a domestic or international audience the sender\u2019s position on the target\u2019s policies.<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">There are <strong>four main methods<\/strong> of applying economic sanctions by the sender: <\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul dir=\"ltr\">\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">trade controls<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">suspension of aid or technical assistance<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">freezing of the target\u2019s financial assets<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">blacklisting of companies involved with bilateral busines<\/span>s\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.4;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-bf8e3cc0-7fff-64dd-d739-75fb8fee246f\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">The <strong>EU introduced the sanctions <\/strong>in an attempt to change the Kremlin\u2019s policy towards Ukraine. Initially, the first and second waves of sanctions, which lasted from March-July 2014, targeted individuals close to the Russian leadership, as well as key decision-makers, forbidding them to enter the U.S. and EU member states and freezing their assets in those countries. <\/span> <span id=\"docs-internal-guid-73584a2a-7fff-c6d9-a4e8-261932adf194\" style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">This type of sanctions soon appeared to be ineffective, convincing Western states, especially after the <strong>crash of MH17<\/strong>, <\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">which resulted in the death of nearly 300 people on board, including residents of many European countries such as the Netherlands,\u00a0the United Kingdom, Belgium and Germany;<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"> to change their strategy by imposing more decisive and sectoral sanctions, which were first introduced in the 3<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:super\">rd<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"> wave and expanded in 4<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:super\">th<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"> and 5<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:super\">th<\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"> waves. Sanctions ultimately target such sectors of the Russian economy as energy, banking, finance, defence and high tech\u2019 (European Council). <\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" id=\"docs-internal-guid-52bc92a0-7fff-041f-69fa-899b589fb29c\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\"><strong>Russia responded to the EU sanctions<\/strong> with its \u2018food embargo\u2019 on European agriculture products as well as travel bans related to <\/span><span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">certain officials of EU, USA and Canada.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t<span style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:#ffffff;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">The video lecture <\/span> <span id=\"docs-internal-guid-1360bdd0-7fff-81b5-4540-39fea4178f5c\" style=\"NewRoman';color:#000000;background-color:transparent;font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:baseline\">helps to better understand the dynamics of EU\u2019s sanctions and the level of their effectiveness as well as Russia\u2019s rationale behind imposing counter sanctions.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height:1.4000000000000001;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;text-align:justify\">\r\n\t\u00a0\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\r\n\t<strong>References:<\/strong>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span>Doxey, <\/span><span>M. (1980). Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement<\/span><span>, 2<\/span><span>nd<\/span><span> ed. (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 9.<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span>Daoudi, M. S. and Dajani, M. S. (1983). Economic Sanctions: Ideal and Experience<\/span><span> (Boston: Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul), p. 8<\/span><span>.<\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: justify\">\r\n\t\t<span>European Council.<\/span> <a data-url=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/sanctions\/ukraine-crisis\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/sanctions\/ukraine-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in Ukraine. <\/a>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t<strong>Reading materials:<\/strong>\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1563259421774_66\" style=\"margin-left: 40px\">\r\n\t<li id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1563259421774_65\">\r\n\t\tIan Bond, Christian Odendahl and Jennifer Rankin.<i>\u00a0Frozen: The politics and economics of sanctions against Russia<\/i>. Center for European reforms. 2015.\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\tJonathan Masters<i>. What are economic sanctions?<\/i>\u00a0Council of foreign relations backgrounders. April 2015.\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1563259421774_72\">\r\n\t\tAlexey Khlebnikov.\u00a0<i id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1563259421774_71\">Everything you need to know about Western sanctions against Russia<\/i>. Russia direct. October 2014.\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n\t\t<span><span style=\"color:windowtext;background-image:initial;background-attachment:initial;background-size:initial;background-position:initial\" lang=\"LV\">Eremenko A. 2015.\u00a0<i>Russia\u2019s sanctions war against the West explained<\/i>. NBC news. <\/span><\/span>\r\n\t<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<br><div class=\"wp-block-group attached-files-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/364\/1._o_frozen_the_politics_and_economics_of_sanctions_against_russia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">1._o_frozen_the_politics_and_economics_of_sanctions_against_russia.pdf<\/a><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/364\/2._o_what_are_economic_sanctions.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2._o_what_are_economic_sanctions.pdf<\/a><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/364\/3._o_everything_you_need_to_know_about_western_sanctions_against_russia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">3._o_everything_you_need_to_know_about_western_sanctions_against_russia.pdf<\/a><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/364\/4._o_russias_sanctions_war_against_the_west_explained.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">4._o_russias_sanctions_war_against_the_west_explained.pdf<\/a><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The lecture will be focused on reaching the following objectives: explain the concept of sanctions. provide an overview of the EU sanctions towards Russia and the changing dynamics of EU-Russia relations after the MH17 crash. examine Russia\u2019s response to the &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":188,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/188"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions\/59"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eurus1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}