{"id":9,"date":"2024-04-04T06:15:14","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T03:15:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/mulla-koostis\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T06:15:27","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T03:15:27","slug":"mulla-koostis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/mulla-koostis\/","title":{"rendered":"Mulla koostis ja omadused"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<a data-url=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/avaleht\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/avaleht\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Muld<\/a><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>\u00a0koosneb peamiselt\u00a0<b>tahkest ainest<\/b>. Selles eristatakse omakorda lahtekivimist p\u00e4rinevat\u00a0<b>mineraalset<\/b>\u00a0ning taimede loodud\u00a0<b>orgaanilist<\/b>\u00a0(k\u00f5dunevad taimej\u00e4\u00e4nused, huumus) osa. Enamuse mulla tahkest ainest moodustab mineraalosa, mis sisaldab v\u00e4hem v\u00f5i rohkem k\u00f5iki taimedele vajalikke mineraalseid toiteelemente. Mulla orgaanilise aine, eelk\u00f5ige huumuse osat\u00e4htsus on tunduvalt v\u00e4iksem, Eesti p\u00f5llumuldades ainult 2-5%. Mullas leidub alati ka teatav kogus vett ja \u00f5hku.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Mulla mineraalosa koosneb v\u00e4ga erineva suurusega osakestest, mis on jaotatud gruppidesse:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span><span style=\"line-height:24px\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" style=\"letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;background-color:#ccffff;border-collapse:collapse;border:0.5ptsolidwindowtext\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:243.9pt;border:0.5ptsolidwindowtext\" width=\"325\">\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">Mullaosakeste nimetus<\/span><\/b><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width:175.5pt;border-top:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-left:none\" width=\"234\">\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">Osakeste l\u00e4bim\u00f5\u00f5t, mm<\/span><\/b><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width:108.9pt;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-left:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-top:none\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">mulla kores<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width:135pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext\" width=\"180\">\n<p style=\"padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">kivid<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">kruus<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width:175.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext\" width=\"234\">\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00fcle 10<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">2-10<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width:108.9pt;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-left:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-top:none\" width=\"145\">\n<p style=\"padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">mulla peenes<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width:135pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext\" width=\"180\">\n<p style=\"padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">f\u00fc\u00fcsikaline liiv<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">f\u00fc\u00fcsikaline savi<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width:175.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:0.5ptsolidwindowtext;border-right:0.5ptsolidwindowtext\" width=\"234\">\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">0,02-2<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center;padding:0cm5.4pt\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"line-height:24px\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">alla 0,02<\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Mullaosakeste jaotuses suuruse j\u00e4rgi moodustavad j\u00e4medamad osakesed l\u00e4bim\u00f5\u00f5duga \u00fcle 2 mm mulla korese, mis jaguneb kivideks l\u00e4bim\u00f5\u00f5duga \u00fcle 10 mm ja kruusaks 2-10 mm. V\u00e4iksemad osakesed \u2013 mulla peenes \u2013 \u00fchendab f\u00fc\u00fcsikalise liiva 0,02-2 mm ja f\u00fc\u00fcsikalise savi alla 0,02 mm.\u00a0<b>Mulla l\u00f5imise<\/b>\u00a0all m\u00f5istetakse liiva ja saviosakeste protsentuaalset esinemist mullas (joonis 1).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Savi sisalduse j\u00e4rgi jaotatakse mullad\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><a data-fid=\"53346\" href=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/439\/lqimis1.jpg\">l\u00f5imise r\u00fchmadeks<\/a><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>\u00a0(joonis 1):<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color:#000000;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-transform:none;background-color:#ccffff\">\n<li>\n\t\t<b>liivmullad<\/b>\u00a0alla 10%\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<b>saviliivmullad<\/b>\u00a010-20%\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<b>liivsavimullad<\/b>\u00a020-50%\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<b>savimullad<\/b>\u00a0\u00fcle 50%\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"137\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-32\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/439\/lqimis1a.jpg\" title=\"lqimis1a.jpg\" alt=\"l\u00f5imis\"><br><span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Joonis 1. Eesti muldade l\u00f5imis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span><b>Mulla lubjasisaldust v\u00f5i happesust<\/b>\u00a0n\u00e4itab mulla reaktsioon, mida t\u00e4histatakse pH-ga. Selle j\u00e4rgi jagunevad mullad<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<ul style=\"color:#000000;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-transform:none;background-color:#ccffff\">\n<li>\n\t\thappelisteks (pH alla 6)\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tneutraalseteks (pH 6-7)\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\taluselisteks (pH \u00fcle 7)\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Enamikule p\u00f5llumajanduskultuuridele sobivad k\u00f5ige paremini\u00a0<b>neutraalsed mullad<\/b>. Tugevasti happelise reaktsiooniga mullad vajavad p\u00f5lluna kasutamisel lupjamist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Mullaosakeste suurusest olenevad mulla veeolud ja \u00f5huga varustatus. Neid iseloomustavad mulla veel\u00e4bilaskvus, veemahutavus ja \u00f5humahutavus. Veemahutavustest on k\u00f5ige olulisem taimede poolt omastatava vee kinnipidamise v\u00f5ime ehk mulla aktiivveemahutavus. Mullaosakesed v\u00f5ivad k\u00fcllaldasel saviosakeste olemasolul omavahel liituda ja moodustada mulla s\u00f5meraid, mille vahele j\u00e4\u00e4vad suuremad vaheruumid, mis soodustavad mulla veel\u00e4bilaskvust ning \u00f5humahutavust ja v\u00f5imaldavad s\u00f5merate sees s\u00e4ilitada vett. Sellist s\u00f5meraterikast mulda nimetatakse\u00a0<b>struktuurseks mullaks<\/b>. Struktuuri tekkeks on peale saviosakeste olemasolu vajalik veel neutraalne v\u00f5i aluseline reaktsioon. K\u00f5ige paremate veeomadustega ja \u00f5hustatusega on mullad, kus esineb kive, kruusa, liiva ning savi. Selliste muldade lahtekivimiks on enamasti\u00a0<b>liivsavimoreen<\/b>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t<span style=\"color:#000000\"><span style=\"font-style:normal\"><span><span><span style=\"font-weight:400\"><span style=\"letter-spacing:normal\"><span><span style=\"text-transform:none\"><span><span><span><span><span>Oluline on ka mullas olevate taimede poolt omastatavate toitainete hulk. Viimast peegeldab kergestiomastatava fosfori, kaaliumi ja l\u00e4mmastiku sisaldus.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:start\">\n\t\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 Muld\u00a0koosneb peamiselt\u00a0tahkest ainest. Selles eristatakse omakorda lahtekivimist p\u00e4rinevat\u00a0mineraalset\u00a0ning taimede loodud\u00a0orgaanilist\u00a0(k\u00f5dunevad taimej\u00e4\u00e4nused, huumus) osa. Enamuse mulla tahkest ainest moodustab mineraalosa, mis sisaldab v\u00e4hem v\u00f5i rohkem k\u00f5iki taimedele vajalikke mineraalseid toiteelemente. Mulla orgaanilise aine, eelk\u00f5ige huumuse osat\u00e4htsus on tunduvalt v\u00e4iksem, Eesti &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":226,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/226"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":124,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions\/124"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/eestimullad\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}