{"id":6,"date":"2024-04-04T08:05:57","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:05:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/1-eetika-ja-eetilisus\/"},"modified":"2024-05-10T11:51:59","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T08:51:59","slug":"1-eetika-ja-eetilisus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/1-eetika-ja-eetilisus\/","title":{"rendered":"1.\tEetika ja eetilisus"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"\u00a0EETIKA JA EETILISUS<\/span><\/h1>\n

1.1. Eetika alused<\/strong><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

Eetika on filosoofia haru, mis \u00f5petab tegema valikuid \u00f5ige-vale, hea-halva vahel.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0Eetika aluseks on v\u00e4\u00e4rtused ja v\u00e4\u00e4rtushinnangud.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b> V\u00e4\u00e4rtuste n\u00e4iteks on elu, armastussuhted, vabadus, privaatsus, \u00f5nn, usaldus, loominguline tegevus, ausus, tervis, majanduslik turvatunne. V\u00e4\u00e4rtused on need, mida inimesed ihaldavad ning mis teevad elu elamisv\u00e4\u00e4rseks (Pojman 2005).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Tabel 1.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b> Eetilise hinnangu sf\u00e4\u00e4rid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Sf\u00e4\u00e4r<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/th>\nHinnangulised terminid<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
tegu<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n\u00f5ige, v\u00e4\u00e4r, kohustuslik, vabatahtlik<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
tagaj\u00e4rjed<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nhea, halb neutraalne<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
iseloom<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nvooruslik, paheline, neutraalne<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
motiiv<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\nhea tahe, kuri tahe, neutraalne<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Allikas: Pojman, 2005<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

J\u00e4rgnevalt vaatleme sf\u00e4\u00e4ride ja nende hinnangute k\u00e4sitlusi l\u00e4hemalt.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0TEGU<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d5ige tegu on tegu, mida on lubatav teha. \u00d5ige tegu jaguneb omakorda kaheks:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • Vabatahtlik tegu ehk tegu, mille tegemine ei ole kohustuslik ega v\u00e4\u00e4r. Sellist tegu ei ole te kohustatud tegema ja samuti pole te kohustatud sellist tegu ka mitte tegema.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    N\u00e4itena saab siinkohal tuua muusika-, eriala- v\u00f5i kirjastiilivalikut, millele tavaliselt ei omistata moraalset t\u00e4hendust.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Kohustuslik tegu on tegu, mille tegemist moraal teilt n\u00f5uab; seda tegu ei saa tegemata j\u00e4tta.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Kohustusliku teo n\u00e4itena saab tuua t\u00f5e r\u00e4\u00e4kimist v\u00f5i lubaduste pidamist.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Vale v\u00f5i v\u00e4\u00e4r tegu on tegu, mille tegemisest on teil kohustus hoiduda, v\u00f5i millest hoidumine on teie kohustus. See on tegu, mida te ei peaks tegema; tegu, mida pole lubatav teha. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      V\u00e4\u00e4ra teo n\u00e4itena saab tuua valetamist. (Pojman 2005)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \"\"\u00a0TAGAJ\u00c4RJED<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Eelnevas alapeat\u00fckis k\u00e4sitlesime valetamist kui v\u00e4\u00e4rat teguviisi. Vaatleme aga j\u00e4rgnevat olukorda: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Sa varjad oma kodus s\u00fc\u00fctut naist nimega Laura. Laura on p\u00f5genenud gangsterite eest. Gangster Gus koputab su uksele ja k\u00fcsib, kas Laura on sinu juures. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Mida peaksite siinkohal tegema? Kas r\u00e4\u00e4kima t\u00f5tt v\u00f5i valetama?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Need, kes \u00fctlevad, et moraal on seotud tegude tagaj\u00e4rgedega<\/i>, leiavad, et valetamine on antud juhul \u00f5ige tegu<\/i>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Need, kes \u00fctlevad, et moraal on s\u00f5ltumatu tagaj\u00e4rgedest<\/i>, kui on olemas selge ja absoluutne tegutsemisreegel, leiaksid, et vaikimine v\u00f5i t\u00f5e r\u00e4\u00e4kimine on \u00f5ige<\/i>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Seega teleoloogilise eetika<\/b> teooriad keskenduvad moraalse \u00f5iguse ja v\u00e4\u00e4ruse m\u00e4\u00e4ramisel peamiselt tagaj\u00e4rgedele. K\u00f5ige kuulsam neist teooriatest on ulitarism<\/b>, mis n\u00f5uab, et teeksime seda, millel k\u00f5ige t\u00f5en\u00e4olisemalt on k\u00f5ige paremad tagaj\u00e4rjed: tee see tegu, mis toob kaasa k\u00f5ige rohkem \u00f5nne k\u00f5ige suuremale hulgale (Pojman, 2005).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \"\"\u00a0ISELOOM<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Aristotelese areetiline eetika r\u00f5hutab iseloomu v\u00f5i voorust. Aristotelese j\u00e4rgi on \u00e4\u00e4rmisel oluline arendada vooruslikku iseloomu, sest siis ja ainult siis, kui inimesed on head, saab tagada harjumusp\u00e4rast \u00f5iget k\u00e4itumist. Kuigi tegutsemist suunavate reeglite olemasolu v\u00f5ib olla abiks, on eluliselt t\u00e4htis, et iseloomul oleks j\u00f5udu head teha. (Pojman, 2005)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Deontoloogiline eetika annab hinnangu vastavalt iseloomule. Deontoloogiline eetika v\u00e4idab, et tegevustel on oma sisemine v\u00e4\u00e4rtus: \u00fched neist on oma olemuselt head (t\u00f5er\u00e4\u00e4kimine, lubaduste pidamine, teiste \u00f5iguste austamine jne), teised aga halvad (valetamine, varastamine, v\u00e4givald jne), \u00fcksk\u00f5ik kui palju head v\u00f5i halba nad tulemusena p\u00f5hjustavad. (Meel, 2003)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \"\"\u00a0MOTIIV<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Motiivi puhul on mingi teo ammendavaks hindamiseks vaja arvesse v\u00f5tta toimija kavatsusi. Kaks tegu v\u00f5ivad olla sarnased, kuid \u00fchte v\u00f5idakse pidada moraalselt laiduv\u00e4\u00e4rseks, teist aga vabandatavaks. Vaatleme j\u00e4rgnevat olukorda:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      John t\u00f5ukab Joani kaljuservalt alla, mist\u00f5ttu murrab viimane jalaluu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Situatsioonis A on John vihane ja kavatseb Joanile haiget teha;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Situatsioonis B n\u00e4eb John Joani poole nuga lendamas ja kavatseb p\u00e4\u00e4sta Joani elu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      Teisest k\u00fcljest v\u00f5ivad kahel teol olla vastupidised tagaj\u00e4rjed, kuid kavatsuse alusel v\u00f5idakse m\u00f5lamaid hinnata \u00fchev\u00f5rra heaks. Seega arvestab mistahes teo t\u00e4ielik moraalne kirjeldus motiivi kui olulise faktoriga.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      \n<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00a0EETIKA JA EETILISUS 1.1. Eetika alused Eetika on filosoofia haru, mis \u00f5petab tegema valikuid \u00f5ige-vale, hea-halva vahel. \u00a0Eetika aluseks on v\u00e4\u00e4rtused ja v\u00e4\u00e4rtushinnangud. V\u00e4\u00e4rtuste n\u00e4iteks on elu, armastussuhted, vabadus, privaatsus, \u00f5nn, usaldus, loominguline tegevus, ausus, tervis, majanduslik turvatunne. V\u00e4\u00e4rtused on …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":263,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/263"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":195,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6\/revisions\/195"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/edujategu16\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}