{"id":12,"date":"2024-04-04T08:28:53","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:28:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/about-project\/"},"modified":"2024-04-09T18:02:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-09T15:02:55","slug":"about-project","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/about-project\/","title":{"rendered":"About the project"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Discourse particles (henceforth DIPs) are short, usually unstressed, possibly phonologically reduced items, sometimes clitics, which occur in oral rather than in written speech, have little or no propositional meaning and display textual and interpersonal pragmatic functions, such as connecting current with prior talk, claiming the hearer\u2019s attention, organizing discourse\u2014e.g. indicating new topic, initiating or closing discourse, denoting old and new information, initiating repair\u2014, and indexing the speaker\u2019s stance, attitudes and evaluation towards the addressee and his\/her contribution (e.g. Schiffrin 1987, Zimmermann 2011); e.g. Estonian <\/span>nagu <\/span><\/i>(1a), <\/span>k\u00fcll (<\/span><\/i>1b), <\/span>ikka, ju, -gi\/ki <\/span><\/i>(Hennoste 2000, K\u00e4rk 2014), German <\/span>aber<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>auch<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>denn, doch, ja<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>wohl <\/span><\/i>(K\u00f6nig 1990, Zimmermann 2011), Russian \u017e<\/i><\/span>e<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>ved\u02bc<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>=to, dak <\/span><\/i>(Kiseleva and Paiar 2008, Post 2005, Zalizniak and Paducheva 2018).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. a. Estonian DIP <\/span>nagu<\/span><\/i>: \u201cpartial epistemic support\u201d (Boye 2012)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>olen<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>teid<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nagu\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>kusagil<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>n\u00e4inud.<\/em><\/p>\n

1SG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>be.PRS1SG \u00a0<\/em>2PL.PTV\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 like\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>somewhere \u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>see.PTCP<\/p>\n

\u2018I <\/span>kinda <\/span>feel like I\u2019ve seen you somewhere (= it seems, but I am not entirely sure)\u2019 (EKG 1993: \u00a7627)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

b. Estonian DIP <\/span>k\u00fcll<\/span><\/i>: signalling a following contrast<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Talv\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 on\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0k\u00fcll\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 l\u00e4bi,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 kuid\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 v\u00e4ljas\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ikka\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0veel\u00a0 \u00a0 k\u00fclm.<\/em><\/i>
\nWinter\u00a0 be.PRS DIP\u00a0 almost\u00a0 \u00a0 over\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>but\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 outside.INE\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0anyway\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>still\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>cold<\/p>\n

\u2018Winter is almost over but it is still cold outside\u2019 (EKSS)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Particles in general are uninflected, short unstressed words, often enclitic, some occur preferably in oral speech with little or no propositional meaning, others are essential parts of the grammar. They have many functions. In her book on functional words in Finno-Ugric, Majtinskaja (1982: 123\u2013135) classified several groups of particles: demonstrative particles (e.g. equivalents of Russ. <\/span>vot! <\/span><\/i>\u2018here!\u2019), restrictive (or focus) particles (e.g. \u2018only\u2019), specifying particles (e.g. Hung. <\/span>\u00e9ppen <\/span><\/i>\u2018just, exactly\u2019), enforcing particles (e.g. Russ. \u017e<\/i><\/span>e<\/span><\/i>, Finn. <\/span>=pA, =hAn<\/span><\/i>), degree particles (\u2018almost, hardly\u2019), affirmative particles (e.g. Est. <\/span>kull <\/span><\/i>\u2018of course, well\u2019), negation particles (\u2018not\u2019), question particles (e.g. Finn. <\/span>=kO<\/span><\/i>), modal particles of doubt, uncertainty, conviction, wish, admission, hortativity, subjective quotes (see also the classes of modal particles in Majtinskaja 1983: 132). Clitic particles are found as question markers (Fi. <\/span>=kO<\/span><\/i>, Udm. <\/span>=a<\/span><\/i>), as quotative markers (Ko. <\/span>p\u00f6<\/span><\/i>), contrastive markers (Ko. <\/span>=t\u00f6, =s\u00f6<\/span><\/i>), conditional sentence markers (Khant. <\/span>ki<\/span><\/i>, Ko. <\/span>k\u00f6<\/span><\/i>). In grammars they may be described as essential parts of mood forms (<\/span>Kamas =z\u00e4 <\/span><\/i>in the conjunctive, Russian by in the conditional), they may count as equivalents (Ko. <\/span>med <\/span><\/i>optative particle), or they are primarily adverbs which come with a secondary function, more pragmatic than grammatical (e.g. German modal particles). DIPs expressing epistemic stance e.g. in Komi are, among others, <\/span>taj <\/span><\/i>\u2018apparently\u2019, <\/span>\u00f6dvak\u00f6 <\/span><\/i>\u2018hardly\u2019, <\/span>\u00f6d <\/span><\/i>\u2018indeed (affirmative)\u2019, <\/span>n\u00f6 <\/span><\/i>\u2018actually, also\u2019, \u017e<\/i><\/span>\u00f6 <\/span><\/i>id., and others (Bubrix 1949: 194\u2013196); and in Udmurt <\/span>dyr <\/span><\/i>\u2018assumedly\u2019, <\/span>ojdo <\/span><\/i>\u2018still\u2019, <\/span>le<\/span>\u015b<\/span><\/i>a <\/span><\/i>\u2018well\u2019, <\/span>ka<\/span>\u010f <\/span><\/i>\u2018apparently\u2019 and others (Winkler 2011: 136\u2013137).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

DIPs are a highly understudied field in most minor Uralic languages, so e.g. for Votic and Ingrian the general study by Majtinskaja (1982) lists some particles, but does not <\/span>offer any analysis. The two most known Votic and Ingrian descriptions by Ariste (1968) and Laanest (1978) do not even mention the particles. A preliminary description of Votic discourse particles is provided by Rozhanskiy (2005) and by Markus and Rozhanskiy<\/span> (2017:<\/span> 623-627);<\/span> the<\/span> research<\/span> is<\/span> based<\/span> on<\/span> the<\/span> corpus<\/span> of<\/span> texts<\/span> collected<\/span> in <\/span>the 2000s. Thus, there are cross-linguistic descriptive studies like Majtinskaja (1982, 1983), very few single studies like Erina 1997 for Mordvin, but these studies quite superficially describe specific functions and distribution of the markers. The current project proposal tackles at the collection and classification of discourse particles in order to improve their description in grammars, especially their \u201cco-operation\u201d with other grammatical categories, like moods, the understanding of their syntactic and semantic scope and their position in utterances.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The background of the project are three so far independent research activities: (i) nuclear pitch accent and focus (new information) marking in Komi and Udmurt (HRP <\/span><\/span>Tooni aktsent 2017\u20132018, G. Klumpp); (ii) New quotative indices in Permic languages, epistemic functions of quotative indexes, as part of the dissertation of Denys Teptiuk; <\/span><\/span>(iii) Discourse particles in Beserman Udmurt (Iuliia Zubova, Timofey Arkhangelskiy). During these research activities it often turned out that the correct interpretation of (recorded) utterances depends on a correct understanding of epistemic DIPs as e.g. in (2a\u2013b), but the range of these particles and their meanings and functions has not been sufficiently described.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. a. Komi<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

aaa<\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>abu<\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>kol\u00f6k\u00f6<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>taj\u00f6<\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/i><\/b>byt\u2019t\u2019\u00f6\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b> <\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>kut<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u0161<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00f6m=k\u00f6<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>loktis<\/span><\/span><\/i>
\nINTJ\u00a0 \u00a0NEG <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>maybe\/apparently\u00a0 DEM<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>like\/as.if<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>which=INDEF <\/i>come.PST3S<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018Aaa, no <\/span>maybe <\/span>he\u2019s <\/span>like <\/span>something (.) came from somewhere\u2019 (gymn5, 03:27\u2013<\/span><\/span>03:31).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

b. Beserman Udmurt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

a<\/span><\/span><\/i> <\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>soizl<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/i> <\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>pe<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>tri<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/i><\/b>\u010d<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u02bcetyresta<\/span><\/span><\/i>=a<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/i><\/b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0mar=a<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>t<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/i>rono<\/span><\/span><\/i>=uk<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b>.<\/span><\/span><\/i>
\nand\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>3PL.DAT <\/span>\u00a0<\/i><\/b>QUOT<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/i><\/b>three<\/span>\u00a0<\/i>four.hundred[Rus]=Q<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>what=Q\u00a0 \u00a0pay.DEB=DIP<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ma\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/b>so<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/i><\/b>duno<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/i><\/b>ev<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u0259<\/span><\/span><\/i>l<\/span><\/span><\/i>=n\u2019i<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b>,<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>b<\/strong><\/span><\/i>en=a<\/span><\/i><\/b>,\u00a0 tri<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/i>\u010d<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u02bcetyresta?<\/span><\/span><\/i>
\nDIP\u00a0 that <\/span><\/span>expensive.ATTR\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span>be.NEG.PRS=DIP<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>yes=Q\u00a0 \u00a0three<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/b>four.hundred [Rus]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2018And they are supposedly to pay him three [thousand] four hundred or something like this.<\/span><\/span>
\nIsn\u02bct it too expensive, right, three [thousand] four hundred?\u2019<\/p>\n

\n<\/p><\/div>\n

\n

Particles are also essential morphemes in the expression of modal and epistemic meanings in the grammar of many languages. The more conventionalized they are, the more likely is their appearance in the grammars under categories like \u201cverbal mood\u201d, or \u201cmodal operators\u201d. E.g. the particle <\/span>med <\/span><\/i>in Udmurt and Komi is <\/span>acknowledged by grammars as a marker of optative (or jussive) whereas Komi <\/span>es\u2019k\u00f6 <\/span><\/i>is not acknowledged as a marker of a conditional mood. But they are often treated as extragrammatical items. The meaning of so called modal particles is often difficult to grasp, but where it regularly occurs as e.g. the Russian conditional particle <\/span>by <\/span><\/i>(with <\/span>past tense) it is assigned a status in grammar. In Finno-Ugric languages in contact with Russian (but not only there) synthetic moods are often competing with mood particles, or they occur in combinations. In grammars one may read that a certain synthetic<\/span> mood is<\/span> encountered<\/span> in<\/span> older texts,<\/span> but rare,<\/span> or even<\/span> extinct today,<\/span> replaced <\/span>by a particle, e.g. in Hill Mari (Bradley et al. in prep.). The grammar of literary languages does not cover dialectal and substandard variation. The current project wants to approach the study of particles in the field of modality epistemicity by looking at their collocations with moods, their relation to moods, paying thereby attention to language internal variation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Discourse particles (henceforth DIPs) are short, usually unstressed, possibly phonologically reduced items, sometimes clitics, which occur in oral rather than in written speech, have little or no propositional meaning and display textual and interpersonal pragmatic functions, such as connecting current …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":306,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/306"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":168,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12\/revisions\/168"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/dipu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}