{"id":4,"date":"2024-04-04T08:54:49","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:54:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/taimerakk-ja-koed\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:56:58","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:56:58","slug":"taimerakk-ja-koed","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/taimerakk-ja-koed\/","title":{"rendered":"2. TAIMERAKK JA KOED"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\t2.1. Millised on taimeraku tunnused?
\n<\/h2>\n

\n\tTaimerakul on\u00a0rakukest<\/strong>, suur\u00a0tsentraalvakuool<\/strong>\u00a0ja\u00a0plastiid<\/strong>\u00a0(kloroplastid, leukoplastid, kromoplastid),\u00a0 mis loomarakul puuduvad.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

Tabel 2.\u00a0<\/strong>Taime- ja loomaraku v\u00f5rdlus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tRakustruktuur<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u00dclesanne<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tTaimerakk<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tLoomarakk<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tTuum\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tKontrollib raku elutegevust\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tTuumamembraan\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tValikuline ainete transport\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tRakuplasma\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tSeob rakuorganellid tervikuks\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tMitokonder\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tRaku varustamine energiaga\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tRibosoomid\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tValkude\u00a0s\u00fcntees\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tVakuool\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tSisaldavad varu- ja\u00a0j\u00e4\u00e4kaineid\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tSuured<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tV<\/strong>\u00e4ikesed<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tKloroplastid\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tFotos\u00fcntees\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u2013<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tKromoplastid\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tAnnavad \u00f5itele ja viljadele v\u00e4rvuse\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u2013<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tLeukoplastid\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tKoguvad t\u00e4rklist\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u2013<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tRakumembraan\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tAinete valikuline transport,\u00a0\u00fchendab rakke ja kaitseb rakku.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tRakukest\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\tTugi- ja kaitsefunktsioon\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t+<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n\t\t\t\t\t\u2013<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

\n\tTaimerakule iseloomulikud rakustruktuurid:\u00a0<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

\n\t1)\u00a0RAKUKEST<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n\t\tKaitseb ja toestab rakku ning annab sellele kuju\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\tAvaldab j\u00e4ikuse t\u00f5ttu vee sissetungile vastum\u00f5ju ja takistab nii vee liigset sissetungi rakku\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\tLaseb vabalt l\u00e4bi pooride vett ja paljusid selles lahustunud aineid rakku ja rakust v\u00e4lja\n\t<\/li>\n
  • \n\t\tPooride kaudu on naaberrakkude rakuplasmad \u00fchenduses\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \n\t2)\u00a0VAKUOOL<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \n\t\tSisaldavad vett ja varuaineid\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\tKoguvad j\u00e4\u00e4kaineid ja lagundavad neid\n\t<\/li>\n
    • \n\t\tReguleerivad raku siser\u00f5hku ning aitavad sellega s\u00e4ilitada raku kuju.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \n\t3)\u00a0KLOROPLASTID<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n\t\tNeis toimub fotos\u00fcntees\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \n\t4) KROMOPLASTID<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \n\t\tAnnavad lehtedele v\u00f5i viljadele kollaka-oran\u017eika v\u00e4rvuse\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \n\t5)\u00a0LEUKOPLASTID<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n\t\tPaiknevad tavaliselt taimede maa-alustes osades, on v\u00e4rvitud ja sisaldavad varuaineid (t\u00e4rklist)\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\"Taime-\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t2.2. Millised koed on taimedel?\u00a0
            \n<\/h2>\n

            \n\tKoeks\u00a0<\/strong>nimetatakse \u00fchetaolise ehitusega rakkude r\u00fchma, mis t\u00e4idab \u00fcht kindlat \u00fclesannet.\n<\/p>\n

            \n\tErineva koe rakud on erineva ehitusega. Taimede t\u00e4htsamad koed on\u00a0katte-, tugi- ja juhtkude.<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u00a0Tabel 3.<\/strong>\u00a0Taimede koed ja nende \u00fclesanded.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tKoe nimetus<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tEhituslik ise\u00e4rasus ja \u00fclesanne<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tN\u00e4ited<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tAlgkoed<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tRakud jagunevad kiiresti,\u00a0neist kujunevad p\u00fcsikoed\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\ta) tipmised\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tTaim kasvab pikemaks\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tVarre ja juure kasvukuhikutes\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tb) k\u00fclgmised\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tTaim kasvab j\u00e4medamaks\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tKambium varres\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tP\u00fcsikoed<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\ta) assimilatsioonikude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tFotos\u00fcntees\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tLehe p\u00f5hikude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tb) s\u00e4ilituskude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tVaruainete s\u00e4ilitamine\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tToitekude seemnetes\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tc) juhtkude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tVee ja selles lahustunud ainete liikumine t\u00f5usva vooluna; orgaaniliste ainete\u00a0liikumine laskuva vooluna\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tSooned ehk trahheed juhtkimbu puiduosas; s\u00f5eltorud juhtkimbu\u00a0niineosas.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\td) tugikude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tTugevuse andmine\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tNiine- ja puidukiud, kivisrakud\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

            \n

            \n\t\t\t\t\te) kattekude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tSisemiste kudede\u00a0kaitsmine kuivamise, mikroobide ja teiste\u00a0kahjustuste eest\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

            		\n

            \n\t\t\t\t\tLehe kattekude ehk\u00a0epiderm, korkkude\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \n\t\u00a0<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t2.3. Kuidas ained rakku liiguvad?
            \n<\/h2>\n

            \u00a0<\/p>\n

            \n\tVee liikumist l\u00e4bi pooll\u00e4bilaskva membraani v\u00e4iksema kontsentratsiooniga lahusest suurema kontsentratsiooniga lahusesse nimetatakse\u00a0OSMOOSIKS.<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \"Osmoos\"
            \u00a0<\/p>\n

            \n\t2.4. Mis juhtub rakus, kui v\u00e4liskeskkonnas on erinev ainete konsentratsioon?\u00a0
            \n<\/h2>\n

            \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/p>\n

            \n\t\t\t\tMadala konsentratsiooniga lahus \/ k\u00f5rge konsentratsiooniga lahus.\u00a0Kahe lahuse vahel on membraan, vedelike tasemed on \u00fchek\u00f5rgused.\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\n\t\t\t\tTeatud aja m\u00f6\u00f6dudes on n\u00e4ha, et madala konsentratsiooniga\u00a0lahuse tase on v\u00e4henenud, sest lahusti liigub l\u00e4bi\u00a0membraani nii kaua, kui m\u00f5lema lahuse konsentratsioonid\u00a0saavad v\u00f5rdseks.\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            \n\n\n\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \u00a0<\/p>\n

            \n\tJoonis 3. Osmoosi toimumine erinevates keskkondades.\n<\/p>\n

            \u00a0<\/p>\n

            \n\t2.5. Kuidas taim saab mullast vett k\u00e4tte?
            \n<\/h2>\n

            \n\tVesi ja selles lahustunud mineraalained liiguvad mullast juurekatvadesse osmoosist tingitult.\n<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n\t\tJuurekarva kaudu siseneb n\u00f5rk soolalahus juure sisse.\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\tRakust\u00a0 rakku liiguvad lahustunud toitained osmoosi \u00a0teel\n\t<\/li>\n
            • \n\t\tJuurest liiguvad vees lahustunud toitained (t\u00e4nu kapillaarj\u00f5ule) teistesse taime osadesse. Lehtedest toimub vee auramine, mis soodustab samuti vee ja mineraalainete liikumist \u00fclespoole.\u00a0\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n

              \n\t\"Joonis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              2.1. Millised on taimeraku tunnused? Taimerakul on\u00a0rakukest, suur\u00a0tsentraalvakuool\u00a0ja\u00a0plastiid\u00a0(kloroplastid, leukoplastid, kromoplastid),\u00a0 mis loomarakul puuduvad.\u00a0 Tabel 2.\u00a0Taime- ja loomaraku v\u00f5rdlus. Rakustruktuur \u00dclesanne Taimerakk Loomarakk Tuum Kontrollib raku elutegevust + + Tuumamembraan Valikuline ainete transport + + Rakuplasma Seob rakuorganellid tervikuks + + …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":345,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/345"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":636,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4\/revisions\/636"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

            \n\t\t\t\t\"Kui\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\n\t\t\t\t\"Raku\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n\n\t\t\t\t\"Ainete\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n