{"id":111,"date":"2024-04-04T08:55:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:55:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/1-dna-geenid-ja-kromosoomid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:56:53","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:56:53","slug":"1-dna-geenid-ja-kromosoomid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/1-dna-geenid-ja-kromosoomid\/","title":{"rendered":"1. DNA, geenid ja kromosoomid"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\n\t8.1 Mis on DNA, mis on kromosoom?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t<strong>P\u00e4rilikkus\u00a0<\/strong>on organismi omadus s\u00e4ilitada ja j\u00e4rglastele edasi anda tunnuste kujunemise ja arenemise ise\u00e4rasusi. Vanemate p\u00e4rilik info koos keskkonnaga m\u00e4\u00e4rab j\u00e4rglaste tunnuste kujunemise.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>P\u00e4rilikkusaine\u00a0<\/strong>on desoks\u00fcribonukleiinhape ehk DNA, mis asub rakutuumas paiknevates kromosoomides.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>DNA<\/strong>\u00a0sisaldab ja s\u00e4ilitab p\u00e4rilikku informatsiooni.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\u00dcks valkudega seotud DNA molekul moodustab\u00a0<strong>kromosoomi.<\/strong>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"762\" height=\"417\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-313\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/dnaulesanne.jpg\" title=\"Joonis 1. DNA ja kromosoom\" alt=\"Joonis 1. DNA ja kromosoom\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/dnaulesanne.jpg 762w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/dnaulesanne-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 762px) 100vw, 762px\">\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\tA. Rakutuumas on kromosoomid\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\tB. Kromosoomi moodustab \u00fcks DNA molekul koos valkudega\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\tC. DNA molekul koosneb kahest komplemetaarsest ahelast ja on biheeliks\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n\t<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Igal liigil on oma kindel kromosoomide arv ja iseloomulik kuju.<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00e4iteks\u00a0 on inimese igas keharakus\u00a0\u00a0<strong>46 kromosoomi<\/strong>, mis moodustavad\u00a023 paari. \u00dcks paarilisest kromosoomist on p\u00e4rit emalt ja teine isalt.\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"296\" height=\"305\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-314\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/inimese_kromosoomid.png\" title=\"Joonis 2.\u00a0 Inimese kromosoomistik\" alt=\"Joonis 2.\u00a0 Inimese kromosoomistik\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/inimese_kromosoomid.png 296w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/inimese_kromosoomid-291x300.png 291w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 296px) 100vw, 296px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t(Kar\u00fcogramm on organismi \u00fche raku kromosoomide piltkujutis, mis on saadud nende r\u00fchmitamise teel mitoosi mikrofotost.)\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\tKuidas on geenid ja kromosoomid omavahel seotud?\u00a0<br>\n<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tDNA molekulid liigenduvad geenideks.\u00a0<strong>Geen\u00a0<\/strong>on DNA l\u00f5ik, mis osaleb organismi \u00fche v\u00f5i mitme tunnuse kujunemises.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\u00dchel isendil on tuhandeid geene, mis k\u00f5ik kokku moodustavad selle isendi\u00a0<strong>genot\u00fc\u00fcbi.\u00a0<\/strong>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"271\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-315\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/kromosoom_ja_geenid.png\" title=\"Joonis 3.\u00a0\u00a0Kromosoom ja geenid\" alt=\"Joonis 3.\u00a0\u00a0Kromosoom ja geenid\">\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\tMis on genot\u00fc\u00fcp ja mis on fenot\u00fc\u00fcp?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tGenot\u00fc\u00fcp on isendile omane geenide ja selle erivormide (alleelide) kogum.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tFenot\u00fc\u00fcp on isendi vaadeldavate tunnuste kogum, mis tuleneb genot\u00fc\u00fcbi ja keskkonnategurite koostoimest.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Mille poolest erinevad dominantne ja retsessiivne tunnus?<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tIgal geenil on organismis v\u00e4hemalt kaks vormi ehk\u00a0<strong>alleeli<\/strong>, mis v\u00f5ivad olla kas \u00fchesugused v\u00f5i erinevad.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tAlleel v\u00f5ib olla kas\u00a0<strong>dominantne v\u00f5i retsessiivne.<\/strong>\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Retsessiivne alleel\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 geeni esinemisvorm, mille poolt m\u00e4\u00e4ratud tunnus avaldub organismil juhul, kui vastav dominantne alleel puudub, t\u00e4histatakse v\u00e4ikese t\u00e4hega a\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Dominantne alleel\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 geeni esinemisvorm, mille poolt m\u00e4\u00e4ratud tunnus organismil avaldub alati, t\u00e4histatakse suure t\u00e4hega, n\u00e4iteks A\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"829\" height=\"296\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-316\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_1.png\" title=\"Joonis 4. Tunnuste p\u00e4randumine, kui \u00fchel vanemal on dominantsed alleelid ja teisel retsessiivsed (m\u00f5lemad vanemad on antud tunnuse suhtes homos\u00fcgoodid).\" alt=\"Joonis 4. Tunnuste p\u00e4randumine, kui \u00fchel vanemal on dominantsed alleelid ja teisel retsessiivsed (m\u00f5lemad vanemad on antud tunnuse suhtes homos\u00fcgoodid).\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_1.png 829w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_1-300x107.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_1-768x274.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 829px) 100vw, 829px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/6219\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/6219<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"756\" height=\"270\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-317\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_2.png\" title=\"Joonis 5. Tunnuste p\u00e4randumine, kui m\u00f5lemal vanemal on \u00fcks dominantne alleel ja teine restsessiivne (ehk vanemad on heteros\u00fcgoodid antud tunnuse suhtes)\" alt=\"Joonis 5. Tunnuste p\u00e4randumine, kui m\u00f5lemal vanemal on \u00fcks dominantne alleel ja teine restsessiivne (ehk vanemad on heteros\u00fcgoodid antud tunnuse suhtes)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_2.png 756w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/tunnuste_parandumine_2-300x107.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\"><br><a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/6219\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/6219<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Dominantne tunnus\u00a0<\/strong>areneb siis, kui m\u00f5lemad alleelid on dominantsed, aga ka juhul, kui \u00fcks alleel on dominante\u00a0 ja teine retsessiivne (nagu joonisel Aa).\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Retsessiivne tunnus<\/strong>\u00a0areneb siis, kui m\u00f5lemad alleelid on retsessiivsed (joonisel rohelise v\u00e4rviga aa).\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\tMis on homoloogilised kromosoomid ning homos\u00fcgootsus ja heteros\u00fcgootsus?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Homoloogilised kromosoomid<\/strong>\u00a0sisaldavad samu p\u00e4rilikke tunnuseid m\u00e4\u00e4ravaid geene (\u00fcks paarilistest on p\u00e4ritud emalt ja teine isalt).\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Homos\u00fcgootsus\u00a0<\/strong>on geenipaari seisund, mille puhul m\u00f5lemas homoloogilises kromosoomid paikneb vaadeldava tunnuse suhtes sama alleel (n\u00e4iteks AA v\u00f5i aa)\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Heteros\u00fcgootsus<\/strong>\u00a0on geenipaari seisund , mille puhul homoloogilstes kromosoomides paiknevad vaadeldava tunnuse suhtes erinevad alleelid ( n\u00e4iteks. Aa)\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tVaata videot\u00a0\u201cP\u00e4rilikkus\u201d<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\t\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>8.1 Mis on DNA, mis on kromosoom? P\u00e4rilikkus\u00a0on organismi omadus s\u00e4ilitada ja j\u00e4rglastele edasi anda tunnuste kujunemise ja arenemise ise\u00e4rasusi. Vanemate p\u00e4rilik info koos keskkonnaga m\u00e4\u00e4rab j\u00e4rglaste tunnuste kujunemise.\u00a0 P\u00e4rilikkusaine\u00a0on desoks\u00fcribonukleiinhape ehk DNA, mis asub rakutuumas paiknevates kromosoomides. DNA\u00a0sisaldab ja &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":345,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-111","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/345"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=111"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":529,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/111\/revisions\/529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}