{"id":106,"date":"2024-04-04T08:55:01","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:55:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/8-narvisusteem\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:56:53","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:56:53","slug":"8-narvisusteem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/8-narvisusteem\/","title":{"rendered":"8. N\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\n\t8.1.\u00a0Mis \u00fclesanded on n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemil?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\tN\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem koosk\u00f5lastab ja juhib organismi k\u00f5igi elundite talitlust ning v\u00f5imaldab organismil kohaneda v\u00e4liskeskkonna ja organismisiseste muutustega. Organismi talitlusi juhivad nii n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem kui ka hormoonid. N\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi p\u00f5hiavaldused on refleksid.<strong>\u00a0Refleksid\u00a0<\/strong>on vastused v\u00e4liskeskkonnast v\u00f5i organismist p\u00e4rinevatele \u00e4rritustele.\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t8.2. Millistest p\u00f5hiosadest n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem koosneb?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\tN\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi\u00a0 kuuluvad\u00a0<strong>peaaju, seljaaju<\/strong>\u00a0ja neist l\u00e4htuvad\u00a0<strong>n\u00e4rvid<\/strong>. Keskn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemis eristatakse\u00a0<strong>hallainet<\/strong>, mis koosneb n\u00e4rvirakkude kehadest, ja\u00a0<strong>valgeainet<\/strong>, mis koosneb n\u00e4rvirakkude j\u00e4tketest.\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"605\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-293\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvisusteem.png\" title=\"Joonis. N\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi osad\" alt=\"Joonis. N\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi osad\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvisusteem.png 900w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvisusteem-300x202.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvisusteem-768x516.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t<br>8.3.\u00a0Millised on peaaju eri osade \u00fclesanded?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\tPeaaju koosneb n\u00e4rvirakkudest, mis moodustavad eri \u00fclesandega keskusi: \u00fchtedes kogutakse kehast m\u00f6\u00f6da n\u00e4rve saabuvat infot, teistes anal\u00fc\u00fcsitakse infot, kolmandates v\u00f5etakse vastu otsuseid, mis edastatakse n\u00e4rvide kaudu kehasse.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tTabel. Peaaju osade \u00fclesanded\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tPeaaju osa\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\u00dclesanne\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tSuuraju\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"486\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tSuuraju koor on seotud tahtliku tegevusega, see juhib lihaste talitlust, otsuste tegemist, k\u00f5nelemist, kujutlusv\u00f5imet, m\u00e4lu ja \u00f5ppimist.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tV\u00e4ikeaju\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"486\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tKoosk\u00f5lastab lihaste t\u00f6\u00f6d ja aitab s\u00e4ilitada keha tasakaalu.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tPiklikaju\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"486\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\u00dchendab peaaju seljaajuga. Piklikajus on mitmed eluliselt t\u00e4htsad juhtimiskeskused, mis reguleerivad tahtele allumatut elundite tegevust, n\u00e4iteks hingamist ja s\u00fcdametegevust.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tKeskaju\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"486\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tEdastab infot suurajust seljaajju, vastutab lihaste toonuse eest.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tVaheaju\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"486\">\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tKontrollib ainevahetust, paljunemist, eritamist\u00a0 ja keha temperatuuri.\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"521\" height=\"361\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-294\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/peaaju.png\" title=\"Joonis. Peaaju ehitus\" alt=\"Joonis. Peaaju ehitus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/peaaju.png 521w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/peaaju-300x208.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px\">\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t<br>8.4. Mis \u00fclesanne on seljaajul?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\tSeljaaju vahendab informatsiooni\u00a0 peaaju ja \u00fclej\u00e4\u00e4nud keha vahel. Juhib t\u00e4htsaid kaasas\u00fcndinud k\u00e4itumist ehk tingimatuid refkekse, mis aitavad kiiresti reageerida h\u00e4daolukorras.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tSeljaaju asub\u00a0 selgrookanalis. Seljaaju v\u00e4limine kiht koosneb n\u00e4rvirakkude j\u00e4tketest (valgeaine) ja sisemus n\u00e4rvirakkude kehadest (hallaine).\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"399\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-295\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/seljaaju.png\" title=\"Joonis. Seljaaju ehitus\" alt=\"Joonis. Seljaaju ehitus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/seljaaju.png 900w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/seljaaju-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/seljaaju-768x340.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t8.5.\u00a0Mis \u00fclesanne on piirden\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemil?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\tPiirden\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi moodustavad n\u00e4rvid. N\u00e4rvid \u00fchendavad keskkn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi k\u00f5igi keha piirkondadega.\u00a0 M\u00f6\u00f6da n\u00e4rve liigub info v\u00e4liskeskkonna ja keha seisundi kohta peaajusse (kus see t\u00f6\u00f6deldakse) ning peaajust elunditesse tagasi.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tInfo liigub n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemis n\u00f5rkade elektriliste signaalidena\u00a0 ehk\u00a0<strong>n\u00e4rviimpulssidena.<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tN\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem jaguneb kaheks:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t1)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u00a0s<\/strong><strong>omaatiline n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem<\/strong>\u00a0reguleerib meie tahtele alluvate skeletilihaste t\u00f6\u00f6d ja organismi tahtlikke liigutusi;\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t2)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u00a0v<\/strong><strong>egetatiivne n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem<\/strong>\u00a0juhib tahtele allumatute siseelundite t\u00f6\u00f6d (silelihaste ja mitmesuguste n\u00e4\u00e4rmete talitlust). Nende elundite automaatset tegevust me endale ei teadvusta.\n<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t8.6.\u00a0Milline on n\u00e4rvirakk?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\tN\u00e4rvirakul on keha ja kaht t\u00fc\u00fcpi j\u00e4tked: \u00fcks pikk\u00a0<strong>neuriit <\/strong>ehk<strong> akson<\/strong>\u00a0ja mitu l\u00fchikest<strong>\u00a0dentriiti.<\/strong>\u00a0Enamik n\u00e4rvirakke paikneb keskn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemis, kuid osa moodustab kehas v\u00e4ikeseid kogumikke ning osa asub meeleelundites. N\u00e4rvirakkude \u00fclesanne on organismis infot edasi kanda. Gliiarakud t\u00e4idavad n\u00e4rvikoes p\u00f5hiliselt tugifunktsiooni.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"854\" height=\"638\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-296\" style=\"width: 600px;height: 448px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvirakk.png\" title=\"Joonis. N\u00e4rviraku ehitus\" alt=\"Joonis. N\u00e4rviraku ehitus\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvirakk.png 854w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvirakk-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/narvirakk-768x574.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 854px) 100vw, 854px\">\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t8.7. Mis on refleks ja refleksikaar?\u00a0<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p><strong>Refleks<\/strong>\u00a0on kiire tahtmatult toimuv reaktsioon \u00e4rritusele. Refleksid v\u00e4ljenduvad kas liigutustena\u00a0 v\u00f5i siseelundite talitluse muutustena.<\/p>\n<p>\n\tTeed, mida m\u00f6\u00f6da refleksi korral erutus ehk n\u00e4rviimpulss kulgeb, nimetatakse\u00a0<strong>refleksikaareks<\/strong>.\u00a0 Refleksikaare \u00fclesanne on erutuse vastuv\u00f5tt, selle anal\u00fc\u00fcs ja vastuse suunamine elundisse.\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1017\" height=\"452\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-297\" style=\"width: 1017px;height: 452px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/refleksikaar_uus.png\" title=\"Joonis. Refleksikaar (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflex_arc#\/media\/File:Imgnotra%C3%A7at_arc_reflex_eng.svg)\" alt=\"Joonis. Refleksikaar\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/refleksikaar_uus.png 1017w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/refleksikaar_uus-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/refleksikaar_uus-768x341.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1017px) 100vw, 1017px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\t1. Erutust vastu v\u00f5tvad n\u00e4rvirakud\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t2. N\u00e4rvirakud, mis juhivad n\u00e4rviimpulssi keskn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi (sensoorsed n\u00e4rvirakud)\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t3. Keskn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi teatud piirkonna n\u00e4rvirakud\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t4. N\u00e4rvirakud, mis juhivad impulsse keskn\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemist\u00a0 reageerivasse lihasesse (motoorsed n\u00e4rvirakud)\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t5.\u00a0 Reageeriv organ\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00dcheks kaasas\u00fcndinud refleksiks on p\u00f5lverefleks.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"943\" height=\"757\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-298\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/polverefleks.png\" title=\"Joonis. P\u00f5lverefleks\" alt=\"Joonis. P\u00f5lverefleks\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/polverefleks.png 943w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/polverefleks-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/648\/polverefleks-768x617.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 943px) 100vw, 943px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\n\tV\u00e4ga tugevate \u00e4rrituste ja ohtude ning k\u00f5ige lihtsamate reflekside korral ringleb impulss ainult seljaajus ning inimene reageerib liigutusega ilma peaajust edastatud korralduseta.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tP\u00f5lverefleksi kasutavad arstid n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi talitluse kontrollimiseks.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\t8.8.\u00a0Mille poolest erinevad kaasas\u00fcndinud ja omandatud refleksid?<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Kaasas\u00fcndinud ehk tingimatud refleksid<\/strong>\u00a0on\u00a0<strong>p\u00e4rilikud.<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00e4iteks silmapupilli ahenemine eredas valguses, samuti oksendamis-, neelamis-, imemisrefleks ja p\u00f5lverefleks. Tingimatud refleksid on kiired ja aitavad meil ellu j\u00e4\u00e4da. N\u00e4iteks imik oskab kohe imeda, kui ta seda ei suudaks, sureks ta n\u00e4lga.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tTeine osa refleksidest\u00a0<strong>omandatakse<\/strong>\u00a0elu jooksul, n\u00e4iteks ohtudest p\u00f5hjustatud valurefleksid, mitmesugused k\u00e4itumisise\u00e4rasused ning liigutusvilumused. Need j\u00e4rglastele edasi\u00a0<strong>ei p\u00e4randu<\/strong>\u00a0ja neid nimetatakse\u00a0<strong>tingitud refleksideks<\/strong>. Tingitud reflekside kujunemine algab p\u00e4rast s\u00fcndimist.\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\t<br>Vaata videoid:<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\t<\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div><br><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>8.1.\u00a0Mis \u00fclesanded on n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemil? N\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem koosk\u00f5lastab ja juhib organismi k\u00f5igi elundite talitlust ning v\u00f5imaldab organismil kohaneda v\u00e4liskeskkonna ja organismisiseste muutustega. Organismi talitlusi juhivad nii n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteem kui ka hormoonid. N\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi p\u00f5hiavaldused on refleksid.\u00a0Refleksid\u00a0on vastused v\u00e4liskeskkonnast v\u00f5i organismist p\u00e4rinevatele \u00e4rritustele. 8.2. Millistest &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":345,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-106","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/345"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":534,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/106\/revisions\/534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biopohikool\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}